Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Autoimmunity pp 11–29Cite as

Mapping the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Susceptibility Genes

  • Protocol

  • 1121 Accesses

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Medicine™ ((MIMM,volume 102))

Summary

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototype systemic, autoimmune inflammatory disease that can involve virtually any organ or tissue type. The disease has a strong familial tendency but, like most human illness, has a complex pattern of inheritance that is consistent with multiple susceptibility genes as well as environmental risk factors. Association studies have been performed, especially for the major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6 and for various complement components. Several large familial studies have begun to report results for genetic linkage. Linkage has been established for many genetic intervals. SLE is a complex clinical illness, and investigation of the genetics of the illness based on clinical manifestations revealed linkages not found without consideration of the phenotype of the disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Protocol
USD   49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Springer Nature is developing a new tool to find and evaluate Protocols. Learn more

References

  1. Tan, E. M., Cohen, A. S., Fries, J. F., Masi, A. T., McShane, D. J., Rothfield, N. F., et al. (1982) The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 25, 1271–1277.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Hochberg, M. C. (1997) The epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus, in Dubois’ Lupus Erythematosus (Wallace, D. J., Hahn, B. H., eds.), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, pp. 49–65.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Lawrence, R. C., Helmick, C. G., Arnett, F. C., Deyo, R. A., Felson, D. T., Giannini, E. H., et al. (1998) Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis Rheum. 41, 778–799.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Petri, M. (1998) The effect of race on incidence and clinical course in systemic lupus erythematosus: the Hopkins Lupus Cohort. J. Am. Med. Womens Assoc. 53, 9–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Vyse, T. J. and Todd, J. A. (1996) Genetic analysis of autoimmune disease. Cell 85, 311–318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Deapen, D., Escalante, A., Weinrib, L., Horwitz, D., Bachman, B., Roy-Burman, P., et al. (1992) A revised estimate of twin concordance in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 35, 311–318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Wandstrat, A. and Wakeland, E. (2001) The genetics of complex autoimmune diseases: non-MHC susceptibility genes. Nat. Immunol. 2, 802–809.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bias, W. B., Reveille, J. D., Beaty, T. H., Meyers, D. H., and Arnett, F. C. (1986) Evidence that autoimmunity in man is a Mendelian dominant trait. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 39, 584–602.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Becker, K. G., Simon, R. M., Bailey-Wilson, J. E., Freidlin, B., Biddison, W. E., McFarland, H. F., et al. (1998) Clustering of non-major histocompatibility complex susceptibility candidate loci in human autoimmune diseases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 95, 9979–9984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Botstein, D., White, R. L., Skolnick, M., and Davis, R. W. (1980) Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 32, 314–331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Weber, J. L. and May, P. E. (1989) Abundant class of human DNA polymorphisms which can be typed using the polymerase chain reaction. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 44, 388–396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Litt, M. and Luty, J. A. (1989) A hypervariable microsatellite revealed by in vitro amplification of a dinucleotide repeat within the cardiac muscle actin gene. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 44, 397–401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Lindqvist, A. K., Steinsson, K., Johanneson, B., Kristjansdottir, H., Arnasson, A., Grondal, G., et al. (2000) A susceptibility locus for human systematic lupus erythematosus (hSLE1) on chromosome 2q. J. Autoimmun. 14, 169–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Prokunina, L., Castillejo-Lopez, C., Oberg, F., Gunnarsson, I., Berg, L., Magnusson, V., et al. (2202) A regulatory polymorphism in PDCD1 is associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in humans. Nature Genet. 32, 666–669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Reveille, J. D., Bartolucci, A., and Alarcon, G. S. (1990) Prognosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Negative impact of increasing age at onset, black race, and thrombocytopenia, as well as causes of death. Arthritis Rheum. 33, 37–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Scofield, R. H., Bruner, G. R., Kelly, J. A., Kilpatrick, J., Bacino, D., Nath, S. K., et al. (2003) Thrombocytopenia identifies a severe familial phenotype of systemic lupus erythematosus and reveals genetic linkages at 1q22 and 11p13. Blood 101, 992–997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Walport, M. J. (2002) Complement and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res. 4(Suppl. 3), S279–S293.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kurien, B. T., Newland, J., Paczkowski, C., Moore, K. L., and Scofield, R. H. (2000) Association of neutropenia in systemic lupus erythematosus with anti-Ro and binding of an immunologically crossreactive neutrophil membrane antigen. Clin Exp Immunol. 120, 209–217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Miki, Y., Swensen, J., Shattuck-Eidens, D., Futreal, P. A., Harshman, K., Tavtigian, S., et al. (1994) A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science 266, 66–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Wooster, R., Bignell, G., Lancaster, J., Swift, S., Seal, S., Mangion, J., et al. (1995) Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. Nature 378, 789–792.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Horikawa, Y., Oda, N., Cox, N. J., Li, X., Orho-Melander, M., Hara, M., Hinokio, Y., et al. (2000) Genetic variation in the gene encoding calpain-10 is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Genet. 26, 163–175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hugot, J. P., Chamaillard, M., Zouali, H., Lesage, S., Cezard, J. P., Belaiche, J., et al. (2001) Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Nature 411, 599–603.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ogura, Y., Bonen, D. K., Inohara, N., Nicolae, D. L., Chen, F. F., Ramos, R., et al. (2001) A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Nature 411, 603–606.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Stefansson, H., Sigurdsson, E., Steinthorsdottir, V., Bjornsdottir, S., Sigmundsson, T., Ghosh, S., et al. (2002) Neuregulin 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet. 71, 877–892.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Van Eerdewegh, P., Little, R. D., Dupuis, J., Del Mastro, R. G., Falls, K., et al. (2002) Association of the ADAM33 gene with asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Nature 418, 426–430.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Altmuller, J., Palmer, L. J., Fischer, G., Scherb, H., and Wjst, M. (2001) Genomewide scans of complex human diseases: true linkage is hard to find. Am J Hum Genet. 69, 936–950.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hirschhorn, J. N., Lohmueller, K., Byrne, E., and Hirschhorn, K. (2002) A comprehensive review of genetic association studies. Genet Med. 4, 45–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Lander, E. S. and Kriglyak, L. (1995) Genetic dissection of complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage results. Nat Genet. 11, 241–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Risch, N. and Merikangas, K. (1996) The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases. Science 273, 1,516,151–1,516,157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Risch, N. (2000) Searching for genes in complex diseases: lessons from systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Clin. Invest. 105, 1503–1506.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Schur, P. H. (1995) Genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 4, 425–437.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Mohan, C. (2001) Murine lupus genetics: lessons learned. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 13, 352–360.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Johanneson, B. and Alarcon-Riquelme, M. E. (2001) An update on the genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus. Israel Med Assoc J. 3, 88–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kelly, J. A., Moser, K. L., and Harley, J. B. (2002) The genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus: putting the pieces together. Genes Immun. 3(Suppl. 1), S71–S85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kidd, K. K. and Ott, J. (1984) Power and sample size in linkage studies. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 37, 510–511.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ott, J. (1999) Analysis of Human Genetic Linkage, 3rd ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Olson, J. M., Song, Y., Dudek, D. M., Moser, K. L., Kelly, J. A., Bruner, G. R., et al. (2002) A genome screen of systemic lupus erythematosus using affected-relative-pair linkage analysis with covariates demonstrates genetic heterogeneity. Genes Immun. 3(Suppl. 1), S5–S12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Rice, J. P., Rochberg, N., Neuman, R. J., Saccone, N. L., Liu, K. Y., Zhang, X., et al. (1999) Covariates in linkage analysis. Genet Epidemiol. 17(Suppl. 1), S691–S695.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Alcais, A. and Abel, L. (2001) Incorporation of covariates in multipoint model-free linkage analysis of binary traits: how important are unaffecteds? Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 9, 613–620.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Glidden, D. V., Liang, K. Y., Chiu, Y. F., and Pulver, A. E. (2003) Multipoint affected sibpair linkage methods for localizing susceptibility genes of complex diseases. Genet Epidemiol. 24, 107–117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Brewerton, D. A., Hart, F. D., Nicholls, A., Caffrey, M., James, D. C., and Sturrock, R. D. (1973) Ankylosing spondylitis and HL-A 27. Lancet 1(7809), 904–907.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Wither, J. E., Paterson, A. D., and Vukusic, B. (2000) Genetic dissection of B cell traits in New Zealand black mice. The expanded population of B cells expressing up-regulated costimulatory molecules shows linkage to Nba2. Eur. J. Immunol. 30, 356–365.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Baechler, E. C., Batliwalla, F. M., Karypis, G., et al. (2003) Interferon-inducible gene expression signature in peripheral blood cells of patients with severe lupus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100, 2610–2615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Slingsby, J. H., Norsworthy, P., Pearce, G., Vaishnaw, A. K., Issler, H., Morley, B. J., and Walport, M. J. (1996) Homozygous hereditary C1q deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus. A new family and the molecular basis of C1q deficiency in three families. Arthritis Rheum. 39, 663–670.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Salmon, J. E., Millard, S., Schachter, L. A., Arnett, F. C., Ginzler, E. M., and Gourley, M. F., et al. (1996) Fc gamma RIIA alleles are heritable risk factors for lupus nephritis in African Americans. J. Clin. Invest. 97, 1348–1354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Wu, J., Edberg, J. C., Redecha, P. B., Bansal, V., Guyre, P. M., Coleman, K., et al. (1997) A novel polymorphism of FcgammaRIIIa (CD16) alters receptor function and predisposes to autoimmune disease. J. Clin. Invest. 100, 1059–1070.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Liossis, S. N., Ding, X. Z., Dennis, G. J., and Tsokos, G. C. (1998) Altered pattern of TCR/CD3-mediated protein-tyrosyl phosphorylation in T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Deficient expression of the T cell receptor zeta chain. J. Clin. Invest. 101, 1448–1457.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Vassilopoulos, D., Kovacs, B., and Tsokos, G. C. (1995) TCR/CD3 complex-mediated signal transduction pathway in T cells and T cell lines from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Immunol. 155, 2269–2281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Tebib, J. G., Alcocer-Varela, J., Alarcon-Segovia, D., and Schur, P. H. (1990) Association between a T cell receptor restriction fragment length polymorphism and systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Clin. Invest. 86, 1961–1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Llorente, L., Richaud-Patin, Y., Couderc, J., Alarcon-Segovia, D., Ruiz-Soto, R., Alcocer-Castillejos, N., Alcocer-Varela, J., et al. (1997) Dysregulation of interleukin-10 production in relatives of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 40, 1429–1435.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Llorente, L., Zou, W., Levy, Y., Richaud-Patin, Y., Wijdenes, J., Alcocer-Varela, J., et al. (1995) Role of interleukin 10 in the B lymphocyte hyperactivity and autoantibody production of human systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Exp. Med. 181, 839–844.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Mehrian, R., Quismorio, F. P., Jr., Strassmann, G., Stimmler, M. M., Horwitz, D. A., Kitridou, R. C., et al. (1998) Synergistic effect between IL-10 and bcl-2 genotypes in determining susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 41, 596–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Ahmed, S., Ihara, K., Kanemitsu, S., Nakashima, H., Otsuka, T., Tsuzaka, K., et al. (2001) Association of CTLA-4 but not CD28 gene polymorphisms with systemic lupus erythematosus in the Japanese population. Rheumatology 40, 662–667.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Reinersten, J. L., Klippel, J. H., Johnson, A. H., Steinberg, A. D., Decker, J. L., and Mann, D. L. (1982) Family studies of B lymphocyte alloantigens in systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Rheumatol. 9, 253–262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Arnett, F. C. (1985) HLA and genetic predisposition to lupus erythematosus and other dermatologic disorders. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 13, 472–481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Fugger, L., Morling, N., Ryder, L. P., Georgsen, J., Jakobsen, B. K., Svejgaard, A., et al. (1989) NcoI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF a) region in four autoimmune diseases. Tissue Antigens 34, 17–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Sullivan, K. E., Wooten, C., Schmeckpeper, B. J., Goldman, D., and Petri, M. A. (1997) A promoter polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor alpha associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in African-Americans. Arthritis Rheum. 40, 2207–2211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Wilson, A. G., Gordon, C., di Giovine, F. S., de Vries, N., van de Putte, L. B., Emery, P., et al. (1994) A genetic association between systemic lupus erythematosus and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Eur. J. Immunol. 24, 191–195.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Arnett, F. C. (1997) In Dubois’ Lupus Erythematosus (Wallace, D. J., Hahn, B. H., eds.), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Davies, E. J., Snowden, N., Hillarby, M. C., Carthy, D., Grennan, D. M., Thomson, W., et al. (1995) Mannose-binding protein gene polymorphism in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 38, 110–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Ip, W. K., Chan, S. Y., Lau, C. S., and Lau, Y. L. (1998) Association of systemic lupus erythematosus with promoter polymorphisms of the mannose-binding lectin gene. Arthritis Rheum. 41, 1663–1668.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Sullivan, K. E., Wooten, C., Goldman, D., and Petri, M. (1996) Mannose-binding protein genetic polymorphisms in black patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 39, 2046–2051.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Wu, J., Metz, C., Xu, X., Abe, R., Gibson, A. W., Edberg, J. C., et al. (2003) A novel polymorphic CAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta element in the FasL gene promoter alters Fas ligand expression: a candidate background gene in African American systemic lupus erythematosus patients. J Immunol. 170, 132–138.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Moser, K. L., Neas, B. R., Salmon, J. E., Yu, H., Gray-McGuire, C., Asundi, N., et al. (1998) Genome scan of human systemic lupus erythematosus: evidence for linkage on chromosome 1q in African-American pedigrees. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 14,869–14,874.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Gray-McGuire, C., Moser, K. L., Gaffney, P. M., Kelly, J., Yu, H., Olson, J. M., et al. (2000) Genome scan of human systemic lupus erythematosus by regression modeling: evidence of linkage and epistasis at 4p16-15.2. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67, 1460–1469.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Gaffney, P. M., Kearns, G. M., Shark, K. B., Ortmann, W. A., Selby, S. A., Malmgren, M. L., et al. (1998) A genome-wide search for susceptibility genes in human systemic lupus erythematosus sib-pair families. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 95, 14,875–14,879.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Gaffney, P. M., Ortmann, W. A., Selby, S. A., Shark, K. B., Ockenden, T. C., Rohlf, K. E., et al. (2000) Genome screening in human systemic lupus erythematosus: results from a second Minnesota cohort and combined analyses of 187 sib-pair families. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66, 547–556.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Shai, R., Quismorio, F. P., Jr., Li, L., Kwon, O. J., Morrison, J., Wallace, D. J., et al. (1999) Genome-wide screen for systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility genes in multiplex families. Hum. Mol. Genet. 8, 639–644.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Quintero-Del-Rio, A. I., Kelly, J. A., Kilpatrick, J., James, J. A., and Harley, J. B. (2002) The genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus stratified by renal disease: linkage at 10q22.3 (SLENvn1), 2q34-35 (SLEN2), and 11p15.6 (SLEN3). Gene Immun. 3, S57–S62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Nath, S. K., Kelly, J. A., Reid, J., Lam, T., Gray-McGuire, C., Namjou, B., et al. (2002) SLEB3 in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is strongly related to SLE families ascertained through neuropsychiatric manifestations. Hum Genet. 111, 54–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Namjou, B., Nath, S. K., Kilpatrick, J., Kelly, J. A., Reid, J., James, J. A., et al. (2002) Stratification of pedigrees multiplex for systemic lupus erythematosus and for self-reported rheumatoid arthritis detects a systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility gene (SLER1) at 5p15.3. Arthritis Rheum. 46, 2937–2945.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Kelly, J. A., Thompson, K., Kilpatrick, J., Lam, T., Nath, S. K., Gray-McGuire, C., et al. (2002) Evidence for a susceptibility gene (SLEH1) on chromosome 11q14 for systemic lupus erythematosus families characterized by hemolytic anemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 99, 11,766–11,771.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Sawalha, A. H., Namjou, B., Nath, S. K., Kilpatrick, J., Germundson, A., Kelly, J. A., et al. (2002) Genetic linkage of systemic lupus erythematosus with chromosome 11q14 (SLEH1) in African-American families stratified by a nucleolar antinuclear antibody pattern. Gene Immun. 3, S31–S44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Nath, S. K., Kelly, J. A., Namjou, B., Lam, T., Bruner, G. R., Scofield, R. H., et al. (2001) Evidence for a susceptibility gene, SLEV1, on chromosome 17p13 in families with vitiligo-related systemic lupus erythematosus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69, 1401–1406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Namjou, B., Nath, S. K., Kilpatrick, J., Kelly, J. A., Reid, J., Reichlin, M., et al. (2002) Genome scan stratified by the presence of anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) autoantibody in pedigrees multiplex for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) establishes linkages at 19p13.2 (SLED1) and 18q21.1 (SLED2). Gene Immun. 3, S35–S41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK

    Swapan K. Nath, Jennifer A. Kelly, John B. Harley & R. Hal Scofield

  2. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK

    John B. Harley & R. Hal Scofield

  3. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK

    John B. Harley & R. Hal Scofield

Authors
  1. Swapan K. Nath
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jennifer A. Kelly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. John B. Harley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. R. Hal Scofield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY

    Andras Perl MD, PhD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Nath, S.K., Kelly, J.A., Harley, J.B., Scofield, R.H. (2004). Mapping the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Susceptibility Genes. In: Perl, A. (eds) Autoimmunity. Methods in Molecular Medicine™, vol 102. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-805-6:011

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-805-6:011

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-231-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-805-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation