Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major cause of impaired tissue repair. Patients with this disease not only have a propensity to develop wounds, but when they do, they tend to have difficulty healing those wounds. Simple wounds often become chronic and infectious wound complications are not uncommon. Unfortunately, the amputation rate for diabetics is much higher than for the nondiabetic population. Because healing problems are so common and devastating, several models of tissue repair have been developed in animals that are “made” diabetic or have a genetic predisposition for diabetes mellitus. The goal of this chapter is to review these models and to try to relate their similarities to human diabetes mellitus. It must be remembered, however, that diabetes mellitus is a very complex spectrum of diseases and that no animal model completely represents all human forms. It is important to choose a model that answers the question that the investigator is asking. By understanding how the various models relate to different aspects of human diabetes mellitus, the investigator can choose the correct model for the proposed studies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
McMurry, J. F. Jr. (1984) Wound healing with diabetes mellitus. Surg. Clin. North Am. 64, 769–778.
Goodson, W. H. III and Hunt, T. K. (1979) Wound healing and the diabetic patient. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 149, 600–608.
Economides, P. A. and Veves, A. (2000) Etiopathogenesis of foot ulceration in diabetes. Wounds 12, 3b–6b.
Boulton, A. J. and Vileikyte, L. (2000) Pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulceration and measurements of neuropathy. Wounds 12, 12b–18b.
Engerman, R. L. and Kramer, J. W. (1982) Dogs with induced or spontaneous diabetes as models for the study of human diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 31, 26–29.
Catanzaro-Guimaraes, S. A. (1968) Histometric determination of collagen fibers in granulating wounds of alloxan diabetic rats. Experentia 24, 1168,1169.
Rerup, C. C. (1970) Drugs producing diabetes through damage of insulin secreting cells. Pharmacol. Rev. 22, 485–518.
Grodsky, G. M., Anderson, C. E., Coleman, D. L., et al. (1982) Metabolism and underlying causes of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 31, 45–53.
Goodson, W. H. III and Hunt, T. K. (1977) Studies of wound healing experimental diabetes mellitus. J. Surg. Res. 22, 221–227.
Seifter, E., Rettura, G., Padawer, J., et al. (1981) Impaired wound healing in streptozotocin diabetes: prevention by supplemental vitamin A. Ann. Surg. 194, 42–50.
Grotendorst, G. R., Martin, G. R., Pencev, D., et al. (1985). Stimulation of granulation tissue formation by platelet-derived growth factor in normal and diabetic rats. J. Clin. Invest. 76, 2323–2329.
Andreassen, T. T. and Oxlund, H. (1987) The influence of experimental diabetes and insulin treatments on the biomechanical properties of rat skin incisional wounds. Acta Chir. Scand. 153, 405–409.
Soriano, F. G., Virag, L., Jagtap, P., et al. (2001) Diabetic endothelial dysfunction: the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. Nat. Med. 7, 108–113.
Riley, W. J., McConnell, T. J., McClaren, N. K., et al. (1981) The diabetogenic effects of streptozotocin in mice are prolonged and inversely related to age. Diabetes 30, 718–723.
Coleman, D. M. (1982) Other potentially useful rodent models for the study of human diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 31, 24,25.
Stauffacher, W., Orci, L., Cameron, D. P., et al. (1970) Spontaneous hyperglycemia and/or obesity in laboratory rodents. Recent Prog. Hormone Res. 27, 41–95.
Leiter, E. H., Prochazka, M., and Coleman, D. L. (1987) Animal model of human disease: the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Am. J. Pathol. 128, 380–383.
Lieter, E. H. (1989) The genetics of diabetes susceptibility in mice. FASEB J. 3, 2231–2241.
Like, A. A., Butler, L., Williams, R. M., et al. (1982) Spontaneous autoimmune diabetes mellitus in the BB rat. Diabetes 31, 7–13.
Gerritsen, G. C. (1982) The Chinese hamster as a model for the study of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 31, 14–23.
Phillips, R. W., Panepinto, L. M., Spangler, R., and Westmoreland, N. (1982) Yucatan swine as a model of human diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 31, 30–36.
Howard, C. F. Jr. (1982) Nonhuman primates as models for the study of human diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 31, 37–42.
Rabinovitch, A. (2000) Autoimmune diabetes mellitus. Sci. Med. 7, 18–27.
Coleman, D. L. (1982) Diabetes-obesity syndromes in mice. Diabetes 31, 1–6.
Bray, G. A. and York, D. A. (1979) Hypothalamic and genetic obesity in experimental animals: an autonomic and endocrine hypothesis. Physiol. Rev. 59, 719–791.
Spiegelman, B. M. and Flier, J. S. (1996) Adipogenesis and obesity: rounding out the big picture. Cell 87, 377–389.
Caro, J. F., Sinha, M. K., Kolaczynski, J. W., et al. (1996) Leptin: the tale of an obesity gene. Diabetes 45, 1455–1462.
Coleman, D. L. and Hummel, K. P. (1967) Studies with the mutation diabetes in the mouse. Diabetologia 3, 238–248.
Coleman, D. L. and Hummel, K. P. (1969) Effects of parabiosis of normal with genetically diabetes in mice. Am. J. Physiol. 217, 1298–1304.
Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., et al. (1994) Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372, 425–432.
Considine, R. V., Considine, E. L., Williams, C. J., et al. (1996) Mutation screening and identification of a sequence variation in the human Ob gene coding. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 220, 735–739.
Tartaglia, L. A., Dembrski, M., Weng, X., et al. (1995) Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R. Cell 83, 1263–1271.
Goodson, W. H. III and Hunt, T. K. (1979) Deficient collagen formation by obese mice in a standard wound model. Am. J. Surg. 138, 692–694.
Goodson, W. H. III and Hunt, T. K. (1986) Wound collagen accumulation in obese hyperglycemic mice. Diabetes 35, 491–495.
Greenhalgh, D. G., Sprugel, K. H., Murray, M. J., and Ross, R. (1990) PDGF and FGF stimulate wound healing in the genetically diabetic mouse. Am. J. Pathol. 136, 1235–1246.
Albertson, S., Hummel, R. P. III, Breeden, M., and Greenhalgh, D. G. (1993) PDGF and FGF reverse the healing impairment in protein malnourished diabetic mice. Surgery 114, 368–373.
Greenhalgh, D. G., Hummel, R. P. III, Albertson, A., and Breeden, M. P. (1993) Synergistic actions of platelet-derived growth factor and the insulin-like growth factors in vivo. Wound Rep. Reg. 1, 69–81.
Brown, R. L., Breeden, M. P., and Greenhalgh, D. G. (1994) PDGF and TGF-α act synergistically to improve healing in the genetically diabetic mouse. J. Surg. Res. 56, 562–570.
Tsuboi, R. and Rifkin, D. B. (1990) Recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor stimulates wound healing in healing-impaired db/db mice. J. Exp. Med. 172, 245–251.
Klingbeil, C. K., Cesar, L. B., and Fiddes, J. C. (1991) Basic fibroblast growth factor accelerates tissue repair in models of impaired wound healing. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 365, 443–458.
Werner, S., Breeden, M., Greenhalgh, D. G., Hofschneider, P. H., and Longaker, M. T. (1994) Induction of keratinocyte growth factor is reduced and delayed during wound healing in the genetically diabetic mouse. J. Invest. Dermatol. 103, 469–472.
Frank, S., Hubner, G., Breier, G., Longaker, M. T., Greenhalgh, D. G., and Werner, S. (1995) Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in cultured keratinocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 12,607–12,613.
Brown, D. L., Kane, C. D., Chernausek, S. D., and Greenhalgh, D. G. (1997) Differential expression and localization of IGF-I and IGF-II in cutaneous wounds of diabetic versus nondiabetic mice. Am. J. Pathol. 151, 715–724.
Neely, A. N., Clendening, C. E., Gardner, J., and Greenhalgh, D. G. (2000) Gelatinase activities in wounds of healing-impaired mice versus non-healing-impaired mice. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 21, 395–402.
Ksander, G. A., Ogawa, Y. A. M., Chu, G. H., et al. (1990) Exogenous transforming growth factor-beta 2 enhances connective tissue formation and wound strength in guinea pig dermal wounds by secondary intent. Ann. Surg. 211, 288–294.
Holder, I. A., Brown, R. L., and Greenhalgh, D. G. (1997) Animal models to study wound closure and topical treatment of infected wounds in the healing impaired and normohealing host. Wound Rep. Reg. 5, 198–204.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Greenhalgh, D.G. (2003). Tissue Repair in Models of Diabetes Mellitus. In: DiPietro, L.A., Burns, A.L. (eds) Wound Healing. Methods in Molecular Medicine™, vol 78. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-332-1:181
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-332-1:181
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-999-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-332-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols