The DAF-16/FOXO Transcription Factor Functions as a Regulator of Epidermal Innate Immunity
Figure 1
DAF-16 is activated by fungal infection and physical injury.
(A) Venn diagrams comparing the overlaps in genes activated by D. coniospora and the target genes of DAF-16. (B) qPCR analysis of expression of DAF-16 target genes in wild-type (N2), and daf-16(mu861) mutants 24 h after D. coniospora (DC) infection or treatment with spiny balls. *P<0.05, N2+DC or N2+SB relative to N2. (C) DAF-16 translocation assay. Transgenic worms expressing DAF-16::GFP were treated with P. aeruginosa PA14 (PA), S. aureus (SA), D. coniospora (DC) and C. rosea (CR), and spiny balls (SB). After 12 h of treatment, the DAF-16::GFP expression pattern was observed. DAF-16 is present in cytosolic (Cyt), intermediate (Int), or nuclear (Nuc) fractions. Quantification of DAF-16 distribution. These results are means±SD of four experiments. *P<0.05 versus control (N2). n = 100–110 nematodes per condition. (D) Expression of Psod::GFP was up-regulated in WT animals exposed to D. coniospora or spiny balls for 12 h. daf-16 RNAi inhibited the expression of Psod-3::GFP induced by D. coniospora or spiny balls. (E) The mRNA levels of DAF-2 insulin-like signaling ligands, ins-7 and ins-1, in wild-type animals exposed to P. aeruginosa PA14 and D. coniospora for 12 h, respectively. These results are means±SD of four experiments. * P<0.05 versus control (N2).