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Sequential Delivery of Host-Induced Virulence Effectors by Appressoria and Intracellular Hyphae of the Phytopathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum

Figure 4

ChEC delivery to the biotrophic interface and host apoplast.

Transformant biotrophic hyphae expressing CHEC89:mRFP (wave 3 effector) viewed with confocal laser scanning microscopy. (A) Maximum fluorescence intensity overlay projection of appressoria (arrows) and underlying biotrophic hyphae showing fluorescent foci (arrowheads) on the hyphal surface. (B) Single optical section from (A) showing labelling of the plant cell wall (arrows). (C, D) Mature biotrophic hypha, viewed as in (A and B), showing fluorescence accumulation in hyphal concavities (arrowheads). Arrow: appressorium. (E) Epidermal cell infected by a biotrophic hypha (arrows) showing fluorescence in the apoplastic space (*) enlarged by plasmolysis. Arrowheads demarcate the host plasma membrane. V, vacuole of the host protoplast. See Figure S7 for the corresponding bright field image. (F) Unlabelled necrotrophic hypha (arrow) emerging from a biotrophic hypha. Images were recorded at 43 hpi (A–E) and 55 hpi (F). Scale bars: 10 µm (E) and 5 µm (A, C, F). BH, biotrophic hypha. See also Figure S6.

Figure 4

doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002643.g004