https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6870-4384
Figures
Abstract
Introduction
Multicomponent interventions can reduce cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk factors in childhood; however, little synthesis of the literature has taken place in the Pacific region. Pacific Islanders experience a disproportionately high prevalence of CMD risk factors, yet interventions have been slow to reach many communities. We present this protocol for a scoping review to identify and summarize existing multicomponent interventions to address CMD risk in Pacific Islander children.
Materials and methods
Eligible interventions will (1) address CMD risk factors (including but not limited to obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and/or health behaviors) in 2-to-12-year-old Pacific Islander children, and (2) be multi-component (including at least two lifestyle/behavior change strategies to address CMD risk factors). To investigate existing interventions for adaptation and potential use in Pacific Islander communities, we will search Scopus, MEDLINE ALL (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), Yale-licensed Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Library, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, Global Health (EBSCO), non-indexed Pacific journals, grey literature, government reports, and clinical trial registrations. The Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis and the Preferred Reporting Items for Scoping Reviews will guide data extraction, evidence mapping, synthesis, and reporting of information including study population, intervention components, behavioral changes, health and implementation outcomes, theoretical frameworks, and evaluation measures.
Ethics and dissemination
Formal ethical approval is not required. The dissemination strategy will include peer-reviewed journal publications and presentations. Synthesis of existing multicomponent interventions for Pacific Islander children will help to identify best practices that could be replicated, adapted, or combined.
Citation: Choy CC, Nyhan K, Savusa K, Soti-Ulberg C, Rosen RK, Naseri T, et al. (2023) Scoping review protocol of multicomponent interventions to address cardiometabolic disease risk among Pacific Islander children. PLoS ONE 18(1): e0280888. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280888
Editor: Paolo Magni, Università degli Studi di Milano, ITALY
Received: November 3, 2022; Accepted: January 10, 2023; Published: January 23, 2023
Copyright: © 2023 Choy et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: No datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study. All relevant data from this study will be made available upon study completion. The protocol and search strategy have been posted on the Open Science Framework (OSF, https://osf.io/).
Funding: While writing this study protocol, CCC was supported through the Fogarty International Center Global Health Equity Scholars Program (D43 TW010540), and the Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Program (TL1 TR001864) from the National Center for Advancing Translational Science (ncats.nih.gov), a component of the National Institute of Health (NIH). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of NIH. The funders had and will not have a role in the study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Multicomponent interventions that use a combination of evidence-based behavioral, psychosocial, and/or environmental change strategies have been developed and implemented to prevent and treat childhood obesity in different population settings [1, 2]. Several recent systematic reviews have reported that effective multicomponent interventions include nutrition (with family involvement and nutrition counseling) and physical activity to improve weight, body mass index (BMI) z-scores, and blood pressure among children with overweight/obesity [2–4]. While many of these interventions have shown efficacy in preventing and treating obesity in the US and other high-come countries [1, 4, 5], there is little evaluation of their implementation in minority and low-income settings [6–8].
Pacific Islanders have among the highest risk of obesity and related cardiometabolic diseases (CMD), yet few interventions and innovations to address CMD risk factors have reached Pacific communities [6, 7, 9–12]. Prevalence of obesity among Pacific Islander children and adolescents aged 2–18 years ranges from 14.7% in the US (National Survey of Children’s Health) to >30% in independent Pacific Island nations [13, 14], which is considerably higher than the US and global averages [14, 15]. Targeting a combination of behavioral and clinical risk factors, including diabetes, dyslipidemia, and/or hypertension, during childhood, interventions developed in other settings will likely need to be adapted or optimized for Pacific Islanders and the proposed context in which they would be delivered. The collectivist structure and practices of Pacific Islander communities (with high levels of family and broader community involvement) shape childhood lifestyles, behaviors, and environmental risk factors associated with CMDs [11, 16, 17]. In a scoping review of community-engaged participatory research with Pacific Islanders in the United States (USA) and the US Affiliated Pacific Islands (USAPIs) between 2000 and 2007, honoring Pacific Islanders’ cultural practices was identified as among the best working practices [12]. When working with Pacific Islander communities, protocols for engagement, reciprocity, and social and spiritual inclusiveness included sharing meals, use of faith-based approaches, and research methods that respected Pacific oral traditions and preference for a “talk story” style of communication [12].
With this in mind, a scoping review is necessary to identify and summarize existing multi-component interventions for Pacific Islanders that could be potentially replicated or adapted for use in Pacific Islander communities in future research. Since our preliminary search of Scopus reported no published or ongoing reviews on this topic, we will review all published original studies, reports, and grey literature that discuss multicomponent interventions to address CMD risk among Pacific Islander children in the USA, the USAPIs, other countries with a large portion of residents who identify as Pacific Islander (e.g. Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand), and three Pacific zones (Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia).
The scoping review questions include, but are not limited to:
- What are the existing multicomponent intervention designs in published original studies, reports, and grey literature?
- Were the methods developed within a Pacific-focused research framework and/or theoretical model for implementation science?
- How were CMD risk factors (including, but not limited to, hyperglycemia/diabetes, high blood pressure/hypertension, dyslipidemia/lipid abnormalities, obesity, and health behaviors) measured and defined in multicomponent interventions for Pacific Islander children?
- What lifestyle/behavior changes did the multicomponent interventions focus on?
- What qualitative and quantitative measures of reported efficacy, feasibility, and acceptability were used? Were data disaggregated by subgroups of Pacific Islanders?
- What were the reported intervention and implementation outcomes?
- What knowledge gaps remain in the existing literature?
The evidence synthesis from this scoping review will help to identify best practices from existing multicomponent interventions in Pacific communities that could be replicated or adapted to address CMD risk among Pacific Islander children.
Materials and methods
The protocol is based on the scoping review methods and reporting guidelines provided by the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis and the Preferred Reporting Items for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) [18–20]. The protocol and search strategy have been posted on the Open Science Framework (OSF).
Eligibility criteria
Studies will be included in the scoping review if they fulfill the following criteria:
Study population.
Studies will include Pacific Islander children (ranging in ages from 2 years up to 12 years old) living in the USA, the USAPIs, other countries with a large portion of residents who identify as Pacific Islander (e.g. Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand), or countries in three geographical zones in the Pacific: Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia. The list of included countries or regions follows the WHO definition of Pacific Island Countries [21] and previous protocols with Pacific Islander populations [12, 22], which includes American Samoa, Guam, Hawaiʻi, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), Palau, Kiribati, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Fiji, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Tonga, Tuvalu, Tokelau, Niue, French Polynesia, New Zealand, Samoa, Tahiti, and the Cook Islands. Moreover, studies including Māori (the indigenous Polynesian people of Aotearoa New Zealand), Native Hawaiians of Hawaiʻi, and Pacific Islanders in Australia, including those from Ni-Vanuatu and the Pitcairn islands, will be selected.
Outcomes of interest.
CMD risk factors are the primary outcomes of interest and will include combinations of clinical and behavioral measures as defined by the American Heart Association [23] and recent scientific literature [24]—including obesity, insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, and health behaviors (including diet, physical activity). Eligible intervention studies will (1) attempt to modify one or more CMD risk factors in Pacific Islander children (ranging in ages from 2 years up to 12 years old), and (2) be multi-component in that they include at least two lifestyle/behavioral change strategies to address CMD risk factors. The study design, research framework, definitions of CMD risk factors, and implementation outcomes of existing interventions in those studies will be reviewed and summarized. We will describe the multiple components of the interventions, for example, the use of positive behavior support methods, parent training programs, and environmental modifications to support behavioral/lifestyle change. Intervention outcomes will be classified as ‘short-term” (immediately once the intervention is completed) or “long-term” (after the intervention).
Publication date.
We will include studies published in the 10 years prior to search completion, because of advances in intervention research and implementation science during this period [1, 2] and to minimize overlap with prior reviews [1, 4, 5]. Each database will be searched in 2022 for records published on or after January 1, 2012.
Publication type.
To represent the most recent and important work in the field of multicomponent interventions, this scoping review will include original research studies and study protocols published in peer-reviewed journals, government reports, and other grey literature. There are Pacific Journals, for example, Pacific Health Dialog, Papua New Guinea Medical Journal, and Journal of Samoan Studies, that are not yet indexed in PubMed. Locally implemented programs may not be reported in academic journals, but rather in state or government reports. Clinical trial registrations (such as those in the US clinicaltrials.gov or the equivalent in other settings), dissertations, conference abstracts, and masters’ theses will be eligible for inclusion.
Language.
Studies published in English will be included. If a study is written in a language other than English, but the title and abstracts are in English, we will include the paper in the title abstract screening stage and attempt to obtain a translation of the full text should it be determined to be relevant to our outcomes of interest.
Search strategy
Literature search strategies will be developed using three concepts: (1) CMD risk factors (e.g., obesity, hyperglycemia/diabetes, high blood pressure/hypertension, dyslipidemia, and/or health behaviors), (2) children, and (3) Pacific Islander populations. This search strategy can retrieve potentially-relevant papers even if the authors did not explicitly frame their work as “multicomponent interventions.” The search strategy was developed by the first author (CCC) in consultation with all co-authors, including a public health librarian (KN). The section of our search that retrieves papers about Pacific Islander populations in the world is based on the search strategy in a previous protocol [22]. The search strategies and histories for all databases will be archived on an OSF project in a reproducible format, including the platform, search terms, date, and number of results. Our search strategy for Scopus is listed in Table 1. While testing iterations of this search strategy, we evaluated the performance of our search terms for multicomponent studies by confirming that multicomponent studies which had been identified by a recently published integrative review of multicomponent approaches to promoting healthy behaviors [25] were indeed retrieved by the relevant query in our search strategy. An independent medical librarian peer-reviewed this search, using the PRESS Guidelines [26].
Information sources.
We will search the following eight databases: Scopus, MEDLINE ALL (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), Web of Science Core Collection as licensed at Yale, Cochrane Library, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, and Global Health (EBSCO). Articles published in regional journals across the Pacific will be searched independently.
We will conduct backward and forward citation chaining on papers that meet inclusion criteria and relevant reviews to identify additional studies that may have been missed in the initial search, using CitationChaser to query the bibliographic database Lens [27]. The citation chaining output will be de-duplicated against records that have already been screened as a result of the database searches. Unique records will be screened in Covidence.
We will manually search reports from territorial, state, national, and international agencies, including, but not limited to the Government, Department of Health, Ministry of Health, Pacific Island Health Officers Association, the US Centers for Disease Control, and World Health Organization. This will be completed in the following steps: 1) go to the respective websites of the agencies based on a list developed a priori with authors, 2) add to a shared Zotero library documents of potential relevance based on screening questions (that are used for title/abstract screening of bibliographic results in databases), and 3) the full-text of all documents of potential relevance will be screened for eligibility (e.g., at least 2 authors will need to vote ‘yes’ to include the grey literature in the data extraction phase). Similar to prior review studies in other settings [28, 29], we will document the identification and screening process of grey literature to maximize the reproducibility of the information retrieval process. If an author is unable to find any documents of potential relevance on an agency webpage within 30 minutes, then they will document this and proceed to the next agency webpage.
Data management
We will use Covidence to download and import all search results from databases to deduplicate, title-abstract screen, and full-text screen. We will add other relevant studies identified in hand-searching and citation chaining to the Covidence screening project. We will report the selection process using the PRISMA flowchart.
Selection of sources and evidence
We will pilot the inclusion and exclusion criteria before the main phase of the title-abstract screening process. For the pilot, at least two authors will review 10–50 records and make title-abstract screening decisions (yes/no). If there are disagreements between the authors, this will be discussed with a senior author to reach a consensus on the interpretation of the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Screening for each article will occur in two phases: 1) title and abstract screening, and 2) full-text screening. For each phase, at least two authors will review the publications independently. During the screening process, disagreements will be discussed by the first and senior authors to reach a consensus. We record the reason for exclusion during the full-text screening stage. As the review process proceeds, we may record additional exclusion criteria.
Screening questions will include:
- Was the article or title-abstract published in the English language?
- Is the article a case report? (Exclude if yes)
- Does the article discuss an intervention with at least two components addressing lifestyle/behavior change (e.g. counseling on diet, increasing physical activity, or decreasing sedentary behavior)? (Exclude if no)
- Were children (including ages from 2 years up to 12 years old) the population of interest? (Exclude if no)
- Were participants included in the intervention identified as Pacific Islander children or children living in the USAPIs, other settings with a large portion of residents who identify as Pacific Islander, or countries in three geographical zones in the Pacific (see eligibility criteria)? (Exclude if no)
- Were one or more CMD risk factors in children the outcomes of the intervention (e.g. obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia/lipid abnormalities, elevated blood pressure, and/or health behaviors)? (Exclude if no)
Data extraction process
We will use all articles that meet the eligibility criteria and pass the screening questions. The first author (CCC) will extract relevant data from the articles and compare their data by categories (see Table 2 for examples). The authors will customize a design for a data-extraction sheet that will be used to collect data and relevant information that is consistent with the objectives and research questions of this scoping review. We will pilot the use of this extraction form with several articles to confirm all relevant information is being collected using this process. During the pilot data extraction process, categories will be modified as necessary, and depending on the final included articles, the extraction fields may be subject to change. The senior authors (NH and MS) will review 1 in every 5 extracted manuscripts to ensure the accuracy of data extraction.
Patient and public involvement
The study design and implementation plan do not involve patients and the public. This study will synthesize previously published work, which may report on patients’ and the public’s experiences. Our study does involve public involvement in the reporting and dissemination of the findings in either media or conferences.
Study status and timeline
Title-abstract and full-text screening are in progress. Citation chaining and searches in grey literature, government reports, and clinical trial registrations (such as those in clinicaltrials.gov or the equivalent in other settings) are in progress. We expect to complete this scoping review by May 2023.
Presentation of findings
We will provide a narrative summary of the included multicomponent interventions and discuss how our findings in this scoping review answer our research questions. This summary will highlight the advances and gaps in research, as well as existing methodologies in multicomponent behavioral/lifestyle interventions for CMD risk in children. We will organize extracted data by setting (e.g. USA, USAPI, or Pacific Island country), distinct groups (e.g., Native Hawaiian, Samoan, or other Pacific Islander group), intervention type (e.g., community-based or school-based), and quantitative and qualitative measures (e.g., efficacy, feasibility, and acceptability). Supporting figures and tables will be developed to map the evidence and draw implications for future intervention development and adaptation research.
Ethics and dissemination
Ethical approval is not required, since we are not collecting primary data but rather analyzing published studies, grey literature, and reports. As part of our dissemination plan, we plan to further discuss the feasibility and fit of the identified, existing multicomponent interventions for continued use among Pacific Islanders. The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conferences, as well as in relevant meetings in local and international settings. If any amendments to the protocol are made following its publication, we will provide the date of each amendment, describe the change(s), and report the rationale for the change(s) in future publications arising from this protocol.
Discussion
This scoping review will synthesize and map existing multicomponent interventions to reduce CMD risk among children, with a particular focus on Pacific Islanders.
Strengths and limitations of study design
The search strategy of this scoping review is designed to identify and summarize multicomponent interventions implemented over the past decade to address CMD risk during childhood among Pacific Islanders and across the Pacific region; this represents a period in which there has been great advancement in intervention research and implementation science [1, 2]. It will be the first scoping review to focus specifically on the use of multicomponent interventions for Pacific Islander children who are in need of innovative strategies to reduce CMD risk. While the identification and synthesis of data will be limited to published articles, and reports found on certain databases, non-indexed regional journals, clinical trial registries, government reports, other grey literature, and references from citation chaining, we will conform to rigorous methodology manuals of the Joanna Briggs Institute and PRISMA-ScR to enhance the rigor and reproducibility of this work. Importantly, the planned presentation of findings will allow us to consider local strategies in the Pacific region that may be further improved for effectiveness, better understand what is being done in different settings, and whether any interventions are culturally appropriate for Pacific Islander populations.
We anticipate that the scoping review data will guide future research to address gaps in the literature and to help build a stronger evidence basis for the adaptation, implementation, and evaluation of multicomponent interventions for Pacific Islander children. Interventions developed in the Pacific region, using a Pacific and/or implementation science framework will be prioritized for intervention development and adaptation because behavior change strategies may be better aligned with the cultural values of the Pacific community and implementation/evaluation plans may be easier to replicate.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the independent medical librarian, Jan Glover, who peer-reviewed this search strategy for this scoping review protocol.
References
- 1. Elvsaas I, Giske L, Fure B, Juvet LK. Multicomponent lifestyle interventions for treating overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analyses. J Obes. 2017;2017:5021902. pmid:29391949
- 2. Kirk S, Ogata B, Wichert E, Handu D, Rozga M. Treatment of Pediatric Overweight and Obesity: Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Based on an Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2022 Apr;122(4):848–861. pmid:35063666
- 3. Grossman DC, Bibbins-Domingo K, Curry SJ, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, et al. Screening for obesity in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2017;317: 2417–2426. pmid:28632874
- 4. O’Connor EA, Evans CV, Burda BU, Walsh ES, Eder M, Lozano P. Screening for obesity and intervention for weight management in children and adolescents: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2017;317: 2427–2444. pmid:28632873
- 5. Murray M, Pearson J, Dordevic A, Bonham M. The impact of multicomponent weight management interventions on quality of life in adolescents affected by overweight or obesity: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev. 2018 Oct 24;20(2):278–289. pmid:30358046
- 6. Đoàn LN, Takata Y, Sakuma K-LK, Irvin VL. Trends in clinical research including Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander participants funded by the US National Institutes of Health, 1992 to 2018. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Jul 3;2(7):e197432. pmid:31339543
- 7. George S, Duran N, Norris K. A systematic review of barriers and facilitators to minority research participation among African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders. Am J Public Health. 2014 Feb;104(2):e16–31. pmid:24328648
- 8. Martinez K, Callejas L, Hernandez M. Community-defined evidence: A bottom-up behavioral health approach to measure what works in communities of color. Report on Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in Youth 2010;10: 11–16. Available from https://www.engagelivinglab.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Community-Defined-Evidence-Martinez-et-al-2010.pdf.
- 9. Mau MK, Sinclair K, Saito EP, Baumhofer KN, Kaholokula JK. Cardiometabolic health disparities in native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. Epidemiol Rev. 2009;31:113–29. pmid:19531765
- 10. Hawley NL, McGarvey ST. Obesity and diabetes in Pacific Islanders: the current burden and the need for urgent action. Curr Diab Rep. 2015 May;15(5):29. pmid:25809458
- 11. Kaholokula JK, Ing CT, Look MA, Delafield R, Sinclair K. Culturally responsive approaches to health promotion for Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders. Ann Hum Biol. 2018 May;45(3):249–263. pmid:29843522
- 12. McElfish PA, Yeary K, Sinclair KA, Steelman S, Esquivel MK, Aitaoto N, et al. Best practices for community-engaged research with Pacific Islander communities in the US and USAPI: A scoping review. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2019;30(4):1302–1330. pmid:31680100
- 13.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization (WHO), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. Levels and trends in child malnutrition: Key Findings of the 2020 Edition of the Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates. Geneva: WHO; 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240003576.
- 14.
UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 2021: On My Mind—Promoting, protecting and caring for children’s mental health, UNICEF, New York, October 2021. https://www.unicef.org/media/114636/file/SOWC-2021-full-report-English.pdf.
- 15. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD RisC). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2017 Dec 16;390(10113):2627–2642. pmid:29029897
- 16. Kaholokula JK, Saito E, Shikuma C, Look M, Spencer-Tolentino K, Mau MK. Native and Pacific health disparities research. Hawaii Med J. 2008 Aug;67(8):218–9, 222. pmid:18853894
- 17. Walters KL, Johnson-Jennings M, Stroud S, Rasmus S, Charles B, John S, et al. Growing from our roots: Strategies for developing culturally grounded health promotion interventions in American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian communities. Prev Sci. 2020 Jan;21(Suppl 1):54–64. pmid:30397737
- 18. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Oct 2;169(7):467–473. pmid:30178033
- 19. Peters MD, Godfrey CM, Khalil H, McInerney P, Parker D, Soares CB. Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2015 Sep;13(3):141–6. pmid:26134548
- 20. Munn Z, Peters MD, Stern C, Tufanaru C, McArthur A, Aromataris E. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018 Nov 19;18(1):143. pmid:30453902
- 21.
WHO. WHO country cooperation strategy brief: Pacific Island Countries. Geneva: WHO; 2013. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/136831.
- 22. Wu B, Arslanian KJ, Nyhan K, Taylor S, Shabanova V, Muasau-Howard B, et al. Preterm birth among Pacific Islander women and related perinatal outcomes: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open. 2021 Nov 2;11(11):e050483. pmid:34728448
- 23. Lloyd-Jones DM, Allen NB, Anderson CA, Black T, Brewer LC, Foraker RE, et al. Life’s essential 8: updating and enhancing the American Heart Association’s Construct of Cardiovascular Health: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022 Aug 2;146(5):e18–e43. pmid:35766027
- 24. Reisinger C, Nkeh-Chungag BN, Fredriksen PM, Goswami N. The prevalence of pediatric metabolic syndrome—A critical look on the discrepancies between definitions and its clinical importance. Int J Obes (Lond). 2021 Jan;45(1):12–24. pmid:33208861
- 25. Darcy M, Parkinson J, Ball L, Norton L, Hobby J. Multicomponent approaches to promoting healthy behaviours in people with Type 2 diabetes: an integrative review. Health Promot Int. 2022 Apr 19;daac042. pmid:35437595
- 26. McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016 Jul;75:40–6. pmid:27005575
- 27. Haddaway NR, Grainger MJ, Gray CT. Citationchaser: A tool for transparent and efficient forward and backward citation chasing in systematic searching. Res Synth Methods. 2022 Jul;13(4):533–545. pmid:35472127
- 28. Enticott J, Buck K, Shawyer F. Finding “hard to find” literature on hard to find groups: A novel technique to search grey literature on refugees and asylum seekers. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2018 Mar;27(1):e1580. pmid:28868640
- 29. Godin K, Stapleton J, Kirkpatrick SI, Hanning RM, Leatherdale ST. Applying systematic review search methods to the grey literature: A case study examining guidelines for school-based breakfast programs in Canada. Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 22;4:138. pmid:26494010