https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1043-6054
Figures
Abstract
Heart rate recovery in 1 minute (HRR1) after the end of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) is a non-invasive method of determining autonomic dysfunction. This parameter remains largely unexplored in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) registries. We aimed to define the cut-off value and accuracy for abnormal HRR1 after the 6MWT and to investigate the association between HRR1 and clinical worsening in patients with PAH. This composite outcome was defined as first occurrence of all-cause death OR hospitalization from any cause OR disease progression characterized by decreased ≥ 15% in six-minute walking distance from baseline AND start of new specific PAH treatment or persistent worsening of World Health Organization functional class (WHO-FC). We performed a prospective cohort study that included 102 consecutive patients with PAH confirmed by right heart catheterization that underwent an 6MWT upon the diagnosis, recruited from September 2004 to April 2020 and followed up until April 2021 or death. The median HRR1 was 18 beats (IQR: 10–22), 50 and 52 PAH patients with <18 beats and ≥18 beats, respectively. The best cut-off for HRR1 to discriminate clinical worsening was 17 beats, with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.704 (95%CI: 0.584–0.824). The internal validation model by bootstrap showed an AUC of 0.676 (95%CI: 0.566–0.786) and the most accurate value was obtained in the seventh year of follow-up (AUC = 0.711; 95%CI: 0.596–0.844). Patients with an HRR1 <18 beats at baseline had a median event-free time of 2.17 years (95%CI: 1.82 to 2.52) versus 4.75 years (95%CI: 1.43 to 8.07) from those with ≥18 beats. In conclusion, a HRR1 value of less than 18 beats may be a reliable indicator of poor prognosis in patients with PAH.
Citation: Rezende CF, Mancuzo EV, Corrêa RdA (2022) Heart rate recovery in 1 minute after the 6-minute walk test predicts adverse outcomes in pulmonary arterial hypertension. PLoS ONE 17(5): e0268839. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268839
Editor: Nejka Potocnik, University of Ljubljana, Medical faculty, SLOVENIA
Received: November 26, 2021; Accepted: May 10, 2022; Published: May 27, 2022
Copyright: © 2022 Rezende et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its figures.
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist regarding this issue.
Introduction
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare and devastating condition [1]. Risk scores have been developed to predict the prognosis and guide PAH-targeted therapy and are calculated based on clinical features, exercise, echocardiography and hemodynamics [1–4].
The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) has been widely used in exercise capacity evaluation. Walked distance (6MWD) is a key variable in the assessment of PAH prognosis [5] since it correlates with the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) at the time of diagnosis [6]. Heart rate recovery in 1 min (HRR1) after the end of the 6MWT is a candidate tool for adding value in the prediction of PAH prognosis [7–11], as it points to ongoing autonomic dysfunction in conditions such as congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [5, 12, 13]. Although a reduced HRR1 has been associated with morbidity [7, 8] and mortality [9–11] in these conditions, the cut-off value that better discriminates prognosis has not been established but appears to be between ≤16beats [7–9] and ≤18beats [10, 11].
In this pilot study, we aimed to verify a cut-off value of HRR1 that could be associated with adverse outcomes and to assess factors associated with reduced HRR1 in a selected sample of patients with PAH.
Materials and methods
Study design
It is a prospective and observational cohort of participants with PAH recruited from the Pulmonary Circulation Unit of Hospital das Clínicas of the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, from September 2004 to April 2020 and were followed up until April 2021 or death. Clinical and laboratory assessments, N-terminal pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), echocardiography, right heart catheterization (RHC) variables and the Prospective Registry of Newly Initiated Therapies for Pulmonary Hypertension (COMPERA) risk score were recorded before the initiation of PAH therapy [1, 2, 4]. Participants were followed up every 3 to 6 months throughout the study and updates on medical status were documented per standardised form.
Study population
For inclusion patients were required to have ≥18 years old and newly hemodynamically confirmed diagnosis of idiopathic PAH (IPAH) or classified into PAH subgroups (schistosomiasis—SchPAH, congenital heart disease—CHDPAH, connective tissue disease—CTDPAH, portopulmonary hypertension—PoPH and HIV infection—HIVPAH) and who were able to perform the 6MWT. Exclusion criteria were patients using β-blockers or PAH-specific therapy before 6MWT and RHC at the baseline test, other causes of PH, pregnancy and if they were prevalent cases. This study was approved by the UFMG’s Research Ethics Committee (ETIC nr. 1.057.219/2015) according to the Declaration of Helsinki. All information obtained was considered confidential and the reports and results of this study are presented without any form of individual identification. All participants provided informed consent.
Six–minute walk test
The 6MWT tests were performed upon confirmed PAH diagnosis, just before beginning specific treatment, and was in accordance with international standards, using a corridor of 30 meters [5]. We recorded saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), Borg dyspnoea score before and at the end of the test, HRR1, 6MWD (absolute and percentage of the predicted value calculated by the reference equation in the Brazilian population) [5, 14]. Supplementary oxygen was used when indicated and values of desaturation ≥ 4% was considered significant [5].
Outcomes
The outcome was time to the first morbimortality event that was composed of all-cause death, hospitalization for any cause or disease progression (decrease of ≥15% in 6MWD from baseline AND worsening of World Health Organization functional class (WHO-FC) or need for additional PAH therapy).
Statistical analysis
A statistical software was used for data analysis (SPSS, version 23.0, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Results are presented as frequency and proportions, mean (SD) or median (IQ range), as indicated. Independent t test or Mann-Whitney test and Pearson chi-squared test or Fisher exact test, as appropriate, were used to assess the association between HRR1 (binary) and continuous or categorical variables, respectively. The HRR1 admission value with the best accuracy in predicting the outcome was selected by the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. We examined the internal validation of the model using bootstrap with replacement sampling with 1000 bootstrap samples [15]. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Kaplan-Meier curves and time-dependent ROC curves were used to assess the prognostic value of HRR1 at admission for PAH patients, and statistical significance was tested using the log-rank method.
Results
Baseline characteristics at time of diagnosis
A total of 102 consecutive patients out of 109 were followed up for a median of 2.42 years (IQR: 1.08–5.29). The mean age was 48 (SD = 15) years, 68.6% were women and were in FC II (41.2%) and III (44.1%). SchPAH (29.4%), IPAH (23.5%), CHDPAH (20.6%), CTDPAH (15.7%), PoPH (6.9%) and HIVPAH (3.9%) were the prevailing aetiologies. The median baseline HRR1 was 18 beats (IQR: 10–22), 50 patients had <18 beats and 52 patients had ≥18 beats and these findings were similar among the subgroups (p = 0.640) (Table 1). Initial PAH treatment after RHC was monotherapy in 97% of cases that were modified sequentially to combined therapy in 61% of patients in the follow-up.
Patients with HRR1 ≥18beats had better WHO-FC, PAH risk stratification, % predicted diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (%DLCO) and 6MWD, higher frequency of oxygen use and of 6MWT interruption when compared to HRR1 <18 beats (Table 1). There was no significant between-group difference in the echocardiography and hemodynamics parameters.
Accuracy of HRR1 in predicting clinical worsening
The ROC curve presented a regular discriminatory power, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.704 (95%CI: 0.584–0.824) for HRR1 <18 beats. HRR1 with the best discriminatory power for the prediction of the outcome was 17 beats (sensitivity = 0.83, specificity = 0.56, negative predictive value [NPV] = 1.00, positive predictive value [PPV] = 0.009) (Fig 1A). The internal validation model by bootstrap showed an AUC of 0.676 (95%CI: 0.566–0.786) and the cut-off value of 17 beats had a sensitivity of 0.66, specificity of 0.78, NPV of 1.00 and PPV of 0.002 (Fig 1B). The maximum accuracy value for this combined outcome was obtained from the 7-year onwards follow-up (AUC = 0.711; 95%CI: 0.596–0.844) (Fig 1C).
(A) Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve of heart rate recovery in 1 minute (HRR1) after the end of six-minute walk test in all pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients enrolled in the study. (B) ROC curve representing the internal validation model by bootstrap. (C) Time-dependent ROC curves representing the prognostic accuracy of the HRR1 admission for predicting of the composite outcome at 1-, 3-, 5-, 7- and 10-years.
Survival analysis
Patients with an HRR1 <18 beats at baseline had increased risk of all endpoint composites compared to ≥18 beats, independent of other 6MWT variables (median event-free time: 2.17 years, 95%CI: 1.82 to 2.52 vs 4.75 years, 95%CI: 1.43 to 8.07; log-rank: p<0.001, respectively) (Fig 2). The distribution of outcomes was disease progression (55%), hospitalization (20%), death (1%) and 24% had no event during the follow-up time. The main causes of death were right ventricular failure (n = 25) followed by sepsis (n = 7), liver failure (n = 4), pulmonary embolism (n = 1) and pulmonary artery dissection (n = 1).
HRR1: heart rate recovery in 1 minute.
Discussion
In the present cohort, an HRR1 of <18 beats at baseline had a high negative predictive value for predicting all-cause mortality, hospitalization and disease progression in the participants.
HRR1 reflects the progressive increase in the vagal tone parallel to the decline of sympathetic stimulation. Low HRR1 is a non-invasive marker of autonomic dysfunction [12, 13] with an HRR1 of <18 beats being associated with a worse prognosis. The reduced cardiac output due right ventricle (RV) dysfunction in patients with more severe disease with consequent sympathetic hyperactivity and reduced systemic and local parasympathetic activity were possible mechanisms involved in this response [16, 17]. Autonomic responses to exercise, such as chronotropic response, provide prognostic information in PAH [7–11, 18]. However, the exact HRR1 that predicts morbidity and mortality events has not yet been definitively established. Table 2 provides the studies that associated HHR1 with clinical outcome in PAH. An HRR1 of <16 beats in the 6MWT was a stronger predictor of clinical worsening in patients with IPAH and CTDPAH than the 6MWD [7, 8]. Previous studies have reported that a HRR1 of ≤18 beats in 72 and 418 PAH patients in the CPET and incremental shuttle walking test, respectively, was the only independent predictor of mortality (log-rank test, p<0.05) [10, 11]. In the present study, the baseline HRR1 of <18 beats in the 6MWT was closer to that of other exercise tests [6, 10, 11, 17].
Reduced HRR1 was associated with worse WHO-FC and gas exchange, oxygen use, intermediate or high PAH risk stratification and decreased exercise capacity. These associations have been previously reported using CPET, a gold-standard method that assess the true cardiopulmonary functional status of patients [6, 10, 18–20], but it is available only at a few centers. The present finding reinforces HRR1 as an independent biomarker of PAH severity and is an accessible, simple to perform, reliable and safe variable obtained through the 6MWT [5]. Despite the hypothesis that the mechanism of reduced HRR1 in PAH is associated with RV dysfunction [17], there was no significant difference between-groups in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and cardiac index measures. This might be explained by the fact that echocardiography and RHC are performed at rest and this could be changed if the measurements were performed under exercise [21].
The study is limited by its single-center design and having SchPAH as our most prevalent aetiology impairs its further generalization, although SchPAH has been considered one of the most prevalent PAH etiology worldwide [1, 22]. It is worth mentioning that 6MWT and RHC examinations were performed at an average period of 3-month intervals, which reflects the context of usual clinical practice. However, this is the first cohort study addressing this topic with a longer follow-up time, and the specific treatment for PAH was started only after diagnosis by RHC.
In conclusion, a delay in HRR1 of <18 beats predicts risk of the occurrence of clinical outcomes in PAH, irrespective of the initial 6MWD. The usefulness of this variable in stratification of risk in PAH patients needs to be further investigated in others prospective studies.
Supporting information
S1 Checklist. STROBE statement—checklist of items that should be included in reports of cohort studies.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268839.s001
(DOC)
References
- 1. Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, Gibbs S, Lang I, Torbicki A, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Respir J. 2015;46:903–75. pmid:26318161
- 2. Galiè N, Channick RN, Frantz RP, Grünig E, Jing ZC, Moiseeva O, et al. Risk stratification and medical therapy of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(1):1801889. pmid:30545971
- 3. Benza RL, Gomberg-Maitland M, Elliott CG, Farber HW, Foreman AJ, Frost AE, et al. Predicting Survival in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: The REVEAL Risk Score Calculator 2.0 and Comparison With ESC/ERS-Based Risk Assessment Strategies. Chest. 2019;156(2): 323–37. pmid:30772387
- 4. Hoeper MM, Kramer T, Pan Z, Eichstaedt CA, Spiesshoefer J, Benjamin N, et al. Mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension: prediction by the 2015 European pulmonary hypertension guidelines risk stratification model. Eur Respir J. 2017; 50(2):1700740. pmid:28775047
- 5. Singh SJ, Puhan MA, Andrianopoulos V, Hernandes NA, Mitchell KE, Hill CJ, et al. An official systematic review of the European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society: measurement properties of field walking tests in chronic respiratory disease. Eur Respir J. 2014;44:1447–78. pmid:25359356
- 6. Deboeck G, Niset G, Lamotte M, Vachiéry JL, Naeije R. Exercise testing in pulmonary arterial hypertension and in chronic heart failure. Eur Respir J. 2004;23(5):747–51. pmid:15176691
- 7. Minai OA, Gudavalli R, Mummadi S, Liu X, McCarthy K, Dweik RA. Heart rate recovery predicts clinical worsening in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(4):400–8. pmid:22108205
- 8. Minai OA, Nguyen Q, Mummadi S, Walker E, McCarthy K, Dweik RA. Heart rate recovery is an important predictor of outcomes in patients with connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ. 2015;5(3):565–76. pmid:26401258
- 9. Mackenzie A, Johnson M. Heart rate recovery in response to disease targeted therapy in pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2016;48:PA2433.
- 10. Ramos RP, Arakaki JS, Barbosa P, Treptow E, Valois FM, Ferreira EV, et al. Heart rate recovery in pulmonary arterial hypertension: relationship with exercise capacity and prognosis. Am Heart J. 2012;163(4):580–8. pmid:22520523
- 11. Billings CG, Hurdman JA, Condliffe R, Elliot CA, Smith IA, Austin M, et al. Incremental shuttle walk test distance and autonomic dysfunction predict survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2017;36(8):871–9. pmid:28579006
- 12. Shetler K, Marcus R, Froelicher VF, Vora S, Kalisetti D, Prakash M, et al. Heart rate recovery: validation and methodologic issues. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(7):1980–7. pmid:11738304
- 13. Gibbons RJ. Abnormal heart rate recovery after exercise. Lancet. 2002; 359(9317):1536–7. pmid:12047958
- 14. Soares MR, Pereira CA. Six-minute walk test: reference values for healthy adults in Brazil. J Bras Pneumol. 2011;37(5):576–83. pmid:22042388
- 15.
Steyerberg EW. Validation of prediction models. In: Steyerberg EW. Clinical prediction models: a practical approach to development, validation, and updating. Statistics for Biology and Health. New York: Springer; 2009. p. 299–311.
- 16. Naeije R. Treatment of right heart failure on pulmonary arterial hypertension: is going left a step in the right direction? Eur Respir Rev. 2010;19(115):4–6. pmid:20956160
- 17. da Silva Gonçalves Bós D, Van Der Bruggen CEE, Kurakula K, Sun XQ, Casali KR, Casali AG, et al. Contribution of impaired parasympathetic activity to right ventricular dysfunction and pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation. 2018; 137(9):910–24. pmid:29167228
- 18. Yang GL, Guo J, Pudasaini B, Yuan P, Gong SG, Wang L, et al. Value of heart rate recovery in female patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension due to systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Respir J. 2019;13(9):545–54. pmid:31295761
- 19. Farina S, Correale M, Bruno N, Paolillo S, Salvioni E, Badagliacca R, et al. The role of cardiopulmonary exercise tests in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir Rev. 2018;27(148):170134. pmid:29720508
- 20. Wu C, Guo J, Liu H, Pudasaini B, Yang W, Zhao Q, et al. The correlation of decreased heart rate recovery and chronotropic incompetence with exercise capacity in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:3415401. pmid:28286762
- 21. Oliveira RK, Waxman AB, Agarwal M, Badr Eslam R, Systrom DM. Pulmonary haemodynamics during recovery from maximum incremental cycling exercise. Eur Respir J. 2016;48(1):158–67. pmid:27126692
- 22. Hoeper MM, Humbert M, Souza R, Idrees M, Kawut SM, Sliwa-Hahnle K, et al. A global view of pulmonary hypertension. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(4):306–22. pmid:26975810