http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9382-3767
Figures
Abstract
Background
Prognostic biomarkers are needed in clinical setting to predict outcome after resection for early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. The goal of this study is to validate tumor-based single-gene expression biomarkers with demonstrated prognostic value in order to move them along the clinical translation pipeline.
Methods
Prognostic genes were selected from the literature and the best candidates measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in tumors of 233 patients with stage I adenocarcinoma. Significant prognostic genes were then validated in an independent set of 210 patients matching the first set in terms of histology, stage, and clinical data.
Results
Eleven genes with demonstrated prognostic value were selected from the literature. Complementary analyses in public databases and our own microarray dataset led to the investigation of six genes associated with good (BTG2, SELENBP1 and NFIB) or poor outcome (RRM1, EZH2 and FOXM1). In the first set of patients, EZH2 and RRM1 were significantly associated with better survival on top of age, sex and pathological stage (EZH2 p = 3.2e-02, RRM1 p = 5.9e-04). The prognostic values of EZH2 and RRM1 were not replicated in the second set of patients. A trend was observed for both genes in the joint analyses (n = 443) with higher expression associated with worse outcome.
Conclusion
Adenocarcinoma-specific mRNA expression levels of EZH2 and RRM1 are associated with poor post-surgical survival in the first set of patients, but not replicated in a clinically and pathologically matched independent validation set. This study highlights challenges associated with clinical translation of prognostic biomarkers.
Citation: Clemenceau A, Gaudreault N, Henry C, Ugalde PA, Labbé C, Laviolette M, et al. (2018) Tumor-based gene expression biomarkers to predict survival following curative intent resection for stage I lung adenocarcinoma. PLoS ONE 13(11): e0207513. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207513
Editor: Alfons Navarro, Universitat de Barcelona, SPAIN
Received: January 30, 2018; Accepted: November 1, 2018; Published: November 20, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Clemenceau et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: Alisson Clemenceau is the recipient of a master degree scholarship from the IUCPQ. Yohan Bossé holds a Canada Research Chair in Genomics of Heart and Lung Diseases. This work was supported by the Fonds sur les maladies respiratoires JD Bégin – PH Lavoie de l’Université Laval, the Fondation de l’IUCPQ, the Respiratory Health Network of the FRQS, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP - 123369 & PPP - 130151), and the Cancer Research Society and Read for the Cure.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Surgery remains the first line of treatment for operable and resectable stage I pulmonary adenocarcinoma. This histological subtype and stage represents the largest proportion of patients undergoing surgical intervention. For these patients, the standard postoperative approach is observation [1]. However, disease recurrence is still a persistent problem for this population [2]. There is thus an urgent need to identify postoperative stage I adenocarcinoma lung cancer patients at high risk of recurrence in order to guide adjuvant therapy.
Lung tumor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) profiling has been extensively investigated to identify single-genes or multi-gene signatures that provide prognostic information [3]. The rationale is that differentially expressed genes in lung cancers mirror different biological properties of the tumors, and thus, different prognoses observed in patients. So far, many studies were successful in using tumor-based gene expression biomarkers to improve risk-stratification after surgical resection. However, no gene or signature has been widely implemented in lung cancer clinical setting. This reflects the inherent challenges of identifying robust biomarkers that are transferable in real-life clinical setting. Validation in independent datasets is of paramount importance to select the best biomarkers for prospective clinical studies and ensure clinical translation. In this study, we attempted to validate genes with demonstrated prognostic value in two independent sets of patients with early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. We intentionally focused on single-gene biomarkers as feasibility and cost of practical assay development are more favorable than multi-gene signatures.
Materials and methods
Study participants
Lung tumor tissue was obtained from white French Canadian patients of European descent undergoing primary lung cancer surgery between 1999 and 2014 at the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ). Fresh-frozen tumor specimens were taken from the IUCPQ site of the Respiratory Health Network Biobank of the Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec–Santé (www.tissuebank.ca). Lung tumors for the first validation set were from 233 patients that underwent lung resection for pathologically confirmed stage I adenocarcinoma. Similarly, the second validation set consisted of 210 patients with stage I adenocarcinoma. The two validation sets were collected using the same conditions and procedures. However, the distribution in the years of patients’ surgery is later in the validation set 2, reflecting the periods we built these cohorts. Corresponding clinical variables including demographics, pathology report and smoking status were obtained from the biobank database. Patients’ medical charts were abstracted for follow-up starting at the time of surgery, vital status, date and cause of death. Patients were observed until death or last follow-up. Exclusion criteria for the two validation sets include never smokers, positive neoplastic margins on resected lung tissue and previous cancer of any origins with systemic treatment within 5 years of lung cancer surgery. Never smokers were excluded as lung cancer development in these individuals is considered a distinct entity [4, 5] with different tumor-based gene expression profile [6] and survival [7]. Staging was performed using the 6th edition of the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours [8] for samples obtained between 1999 and 2009, and the 7th edition [9] for samples obtained in 2010 and after. By reclassifying all patients to the 7th edition, 16 patients in validation set 1 and two patients in validation set 2, originally considered stage I based on the 6th edition, were reclassified as stage II owing to a tumour size greater than five centimeters. Sensitivity analysis excluding these patients indicates no significant difference in prognostic values for EZH2 and RRM1. Lung tissue samples were obtained in accordance with Institutional Review Board guidelines. All patients provided written informed consent, and the ethics committee of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec approved the study (#20968). The clinical characteristics of patients in the two validation sets are shown in Table 1.
Lung tumor specimens
Within 30 minutes following surgical resection, a pulmonary pathologist immediately examined lung specimens for diagnosis purposes, and collected tumor tissue for the biobank. The research specimens were immediately divided into smaller fragments (~0.5cm3) placed in 5mL cryovials and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. The cryovials were then transported in dry ice to the IUCPQ Biobank where they were stored at -80°C until further processing. A representative histologic slide of tumor tissue was reviewed by a pathologist (P.J.) to ensure high tumor cell content.
Candidate prognostic genes
An overview of the strategy to select candidate prognostic genes is illustrated in Fig 1. Selection was restricted to mRNA expression levels of single-genes measured in lung tumor that had demonstrated association with survival. Eleven candidate genes were selected from the literature (Table 2). PREdiction of Clinical Outcome from Genomics profiles (PRECOG) was then used to filter the gene selection. PRECOG is a pan-cancer resource to evaluate prognostic value of gene expression from publically available datasets (https://precog.standford.edu) [10]. Prognostic significance in PRECOG is evaluated using meta-z-scores, which consist of meta-analysis of z-scores derived from individual studies for each gene in each cancer type. In this study, meta-z-scores specific for lung adenocarcinoma were queried and candidate genes with meta-z-score of poor (meta-z-scores>3.0) and good (meta-z-scores<-3.0) survival were retained. Genes passing this filter were then evaluated in our previous microarray-based study comparing gene expression of resected lung adenocarcinoma to adjacent non-tumor pulmonary parenchyma collected at 0, 2, 4 and 6 cm from the lesion in 12 patients [11]. In this dataset (available in GEO: GSE83213), we specifically assessed whether prognostic candidate genes associated with poor and good survival were concordantly up- and down-regulated in tumor compared to non-tumor lung tissue, respectively.
Gene expression measurements
RNA was extracted from 30 mg of frozen lung tissue using the RNeasy Universal Plus Mini kit (Qiagen). RNA concentration and purity were assessed by UV 260 nm and UV 260/280 nm ratio respectively with the NanoVue spectrophotometer (GE Healthcare). Two micrograms of RNA were converted to cDNA using QuantiTect Reverse Transcription kit (Qiagen). qPCR was performed using the SsoAdvanced Universal SYBR Green Supermix (Bio Rad) on the Bio Rad CFX384 Real-time PCR system for BTG2, SELENBP1, NFIB, RRM1 and EZH2. For FOXM1, the PowerUp SYBR Green Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used instead. The reaction volume was 10μL. Cycling steps were 1 cycle of 30 sec at 95°C then 39 cycles of 15 sec at 95°C and 30 sec at 60°C. SELENBP1 and FOXM1 were amplified using a touchdown cycling program (S1 Table). Four reference genes were considered including GAPDH, ACTB, BAT1 and B2M. The primers were designed manually and synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies (Toronto, Ontario). PCR primers were tested in silico using BLAT in UCSC (www.genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgBlat) to confirm their binding to a unique region of the human genome and the absence of underlying polymorphisms. Primers for target and reference genes, amplicon sizes, and annealing temperatures are shown in S1 Table. For each gene, amplification conditions (annealing temperature, specificity, efficiency) were validated according to the MIQE guidelines [12]. For each gene, the experimental samples were tested in triplicate. The cDNA copy number of each sample were calculated according to the standard curve method and normalized to the average copy number of the four reference genes.
Statistical analyses
Our primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) from the time of surgery to death from any cause. The follow-up was censored at five years. Disease-free survival (DFS) was a secondary endpoint and defined as the time of surgery to recurrence. Univariate cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to assess the association between gene expression and survival. Median of normalized gene expression was used as cutoff to separate patients with high and low gene expression. Survival probabilities were estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test was used to assess the difference between survival curves. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were conducted to assess whether genes associated with survival were independent of clinical parameters including pathological stage, age, and sex. Relationships between mRNA expression levels of genes were evaluated by Spearman correlation. All statistical tests were two-sided and p-values < 0.05 were considered significant. All analyses were carried out with R statistical software version 3.2.2. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed using the R package survival.
Results
Candidate prognostic genes
Eleven genes with demonstrated prognostic value based on mRNA expression levels in lung tumor were selected from the literature [13–23] (Table 2). The prognostic value of six of these genes was confirmed in PRECOG including three genes with good prognosis (meta-z-scores <-3.0: BTG2, NFIB and SELENBP1) and three genes with poor prognosis (meta-z-scores >3.0: EZH2, RRM1 and FOXM1). Using our previous microarray dataset [11], we determined that the expression of EZH2, RRM1 and FOXM1 was significantly increased in tumor compared with the non-tumor lung tissue and the expression of BTG2, NFIB and SELENBP1 was significantly decreased in the tumor compared to non-tumor (Fig 2).
Boxplots of gene expression levels of selected prognostic genes including NFIB (A), SELENBP1 (B), BTG2 (C), FOXM1 (D), RRM1 (E), and EZH2 (F) in tumor and adjacent non-tumor lung tissue at different distances from the tumor. The y-axis represents mean standardized gene expression values. The x-axis represents the geographical tissue samples at the tumor (T) and non-tumor sites at 0, 2, 4, and 6 cm away from the tumor (n = 12). Box boundaries, whiskers and centre mark in boxplots represent the first and third quartiles, the most extreme data point which is no more than 1.5 times the interquartile range (IQR), and median, respectively. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
Association between gene expression and survival in validation set 1
The clinical characteristics of the 233 patients in the first validation set are indicated in Table 1. The median duration of follow-up was 5.6 years. None of the 233 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Pathological stages (stage IA and IB) were significantly associated with survival (Kaplan-Meier log-rank p = 6.5e-3, HR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.21–3.57). Univariate Cox proportional hazards model for overall survival were performed with continuous value of gene expression. There was no significant association between gene expression and survival for FOXM1, SELENBP1, BTG2 and NFIB (S1 Fig). However, mRNA expression levels of RRM1 and EZH2 were significantly associated with survival (Table 3).
Patients were dichotomized into two groups based on the median value of gene expression of RRM1 and EZH2. In univariate analysis, patients with high expression levels of RRM1 and EZH2 had significantly lower OS (RRM1 Kaplan-Meier log-rank p = 5.9e-04, HR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.45–4.20; EZH2 Kaplan-Meier log-rank p = 3.2e-02, HR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.04–2.90) (Fig 3A and 3B) and lower DFS (RRM1 Kaplan-Meier log-rank p = 9.1e-02, HR = 1.60, 95% CI = 0.92–2.78; EZH2 Kaplan-Meier log-rank p = 4.1e-03, HR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.27–3.98). In the validation set 1, 2- and 5-year survival rates of 88% and 67% were observed for patients with EZH2 expression above the median compared to 93% and 79% for patients with EZH2 expression below the median. For RRM1, survival rates at 2- and 5-years were 83% and 64% above the median and 98% and 83% below the median. Association with survival for EZH2 and RRM1 were confirmed in a multivariate analysis, after adjusting for age, sex and pathological stage (Table 3). Independent prognostic factors associated with overall survival in these models were age, pathologic stage and gene expression of EZH2 or RRMI. Hazard ratios with 95% CI for risk groups defined by EZH2 and RRM1 expression levels in categories of age, sex, and stage are illustrated in S2 Fig. RRM1 was associated with survival in both age groups (< or > 65 years old), in males and pathological stage IB. EZH1 was associated with survival in younger patients and males.
Kaplan-Meier analysis of overall survival in the validation set 1 according to median-derived risk categories for RRM1 (A) and EZH2 (B) and combination of RRM1 and EZH2 (C) and in the validation set 2 for RRM1 (D), EZH2 (E) and combination of RRM1 and EZH2 (F).
There was a significant correlation between RRM1 and EZH2 expression in tumors of 233 patients (r = 0.47, p-value = 3.41e-14). We defined four groups of patients according to the combined expression of RRM1 and EZH2 using the same cutoffs based on the median of each gene. The frequency of patients in each group is the following: RRM1Low/EZH2High, N = 39, 17%; RRM1Low/EZH2Low, N = 77, 33%; RRM1High/EZH2High, N = 78, 33%; and RRM1High/EZH2Low, N = 39, 17%. Patients with tumor expressing RRM1high/EZH2high had significantly worse OS (Fig 3C) and DFS rates than the 3 other groups (Kaplan-Meier log-rank p = 1.5e-03). At five years, the probability of survival was 60% in the RRM1high/EZH2high group compared to 71–83% in the other groups.
Association between gene expression and survival in validation set 2
The clinical characteristics of the 210 patients in the validation set 2 are indicated in Table 1. The median duration of follow-up was 4.7 years. None of the 210 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. The validation set 2 was similar to the validation set 1 regarding tumor histology, pathologic stage, sex, age and smoking-status (Table 1). However, the number of deaths at five years was lower in validation set 2 (15% compared to 27%). Survival curves between the two validation sets were different (S3 Fig), suggesting that patients from validation set 2 had a better outcome than patients from validation set 1. In contrast to validation set 1, pathological stages (stage IA and IB) were not significantly associated with survival in validation set 2 (Kaplan-Meier log-rank p = 0.41, HR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.37–1.49).
Despite the limited number of events in validation set 2, we have attempted to replicate RRM1 and EZH2 using median-derived risk categories as performed above. In univariate analysis, there was no significant association between gene expression and survival for EZH2 and RRM1 (Fig 3D and 3E). DFS was also similar between patients with high compared to low expression levels of these two genes (RRM1 Kaplan-Meier log-rank p = 0.67, HR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.50–1.56; EZH2 Kaplan-Meier log-rank p = 1, HR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.57–1.76). The lack of association with survival for RRM1 and EZH2 was also confirmed in multivariate analysis (not shown). Analyses by categories of age, sex, and pathological stage in validation set 2 did not corroborate observations made in validation set 1 (S4 Fig).
Again we observed a significant correlation between RRM1 and EZH2 expression in tumors from 210 patients (r = 0.58, p-value = 2.2e-16). We defined four groups of patients according to the combined expression of RRM1 and EZH2 as performed for validation set 1. The frequency of patients in each group is the following: RRM1Low/EZH2High, N = 34, 16%; RRM1Low/EZH2Low, N = 71, 34%; RRM1High/EZH2High, N = 71, 34%; and RRM1High/EZH2Low, N = 34, 16%. There was no significant association between the four groups and survival (Fig 3F).
Joint analyses combining the two validation sets
The clinical characteristics of the 443 patients in the combined validation sets are indicated in Table 1. The median duration of follow-up was 5.1 years. As performed above, patients in the combined set were dichotomized into two groups based on the median value of gene expression for RRM1 and EZH2. For both genes, high expression levels were associated with worse survival, but the results did not reach statistical significance (Fig 4A and 4B). As observed in both validation sets, there was significant correlation between RRM1 and EZH2 expression in tumors from 443 patients (r = 0.52, p-value = 2.2e-16). However, the four groups analysis based on the median levels of RRM1 and EZH2 were not associated with survival (Fig 4C).
Kaplan-Meier analysis of overall survival in the combined set according to median-derived risk categories for RRM1 (A), EZH2 (B) and combination of RRM1 and EZH2 (C).
Discussion
Oncological outcome varies within 5 years after potentially curative surgical treatment in stage I lung adenocarcinoma, even in patients with similar clinical and pathological characteristics. This study, investigated the prognostic value of mRNA expression levels of candidate genes in tumor from patients treated by surgical resection. Genes with demonstrated prognostic value were investigated in two independent validation sets. Two genes, namely RRM1 and EZH2, were associated with survival in the first validation set and were shown to provide prognostic value beyond standard clinical and pathological information. Higher expression of both genes was associated with decreased overall and disease-free survival. An attempt was made to replicate the results in a second validation series of stage I lung adenocarcinoma, but neither RRMI nor EZH2 were associated with survival in this second set.
There is an urgent need to develop prognostic differentiation of patients with early-stage lung cancer beyond conventional clinicopathological TNM staging in order to guide complementary therapy during follow-up. This clinical need has led to the discovery of many biomarkers and prognostic classifiers of low- and high-risk of postoperative mortality. Unfortunately, none have been adopted in clinical setting. To become standard of practice, these biomarkers/classifiers must be validated and developed into an available product to treating physicians. The primary objective of this study is to provide further validation of known single-gene prognostic biomarkers in order to advance towards clinical translation and clinical implementation. However, our study has demonstrated that tumor-based gene expression biomarkers are challenging to develop and validate.
We have obtained encouraging results for EZH2 in the first validation set. Our results are consistent with previous studies showing worse outcomes in patients with high levels of EZH2 protein expression [14]. In validation set 1, we showed that EZH2 mRNA expression was able to predict patient survival on top of clinical variables, but this was not confirmed in validation set 2. A trend was observed in the joint analyses (n = 443) suggesting that a larger sample size may be required to demonstrate the prognostic value of EZH2. It should be noted that EZH2 has recently been considered as part of a five protein expression classifiers that has failed to outperform clinical parameters [24].
The expression of RRM1 was also associated with survival in validation set 1. However, the direction of effect was not consistent with the study by Bepler and colleagues showing RRM1 expression as a predictor of good outcome for patients with lung cancer [15]. In the later study, different histology subtypes of non-small-cell lung cancer and pathological stages were considered as well as patients with mixed smoking history, i.e. never, former and current smokers. Gene expression patterns differ between histology subtypes of lung cancer [25, 26] and smoking status [6, 27]. Accordingly, selection of patients may, at least in part, explain the different results. In our study, we have focused specifically on stage I adenocarcinoma in ever-smokers with the hope to homogenize the population and facilitate validation. Although our two validation sets were clinically and pathologically similar, the prognostic value of RRM1 observed in validation set 1 was not replicated in validation set 2. Again, the joint analysis showed a trend that may worth pursuing in a larger cohort.
This study has limitations. A lower number of events occurred in validation set 2, which limited our power to identify any prognostic factors. Analyses performed in validation set 2 will need to be repeated with a longer follow-up. qPCR was performed in fresh frozen tissues, which are not available in most community-based hospitals. Validation of tumor-based gene expression biomarkers in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPE) would facilitate widespread applicability. This step was part of our developmental pipeline, but for biomarkers that demonstrated sufficient value in fresh frozen tissues. Here, we intentionally focused on single-gene biomarkers to facilitate practical assay development. Although the reproducibility and clinical utility of multi-gene signatures have been questioned [28], such signatures reflecting diverse biological processes may prove to have more predictive value. Finally, we have considered only one omic dimension, i.e. gene expression. Multi-omics molecular information (e.g. somatic mutations and methylation) is likely to be more successful to develop valuable prognostic classifiers. The EGFR mutational status was not available in our study. Although still controversial, some lines of evidence suggested better survival in EGFR positive patients [29, 30]. At our institution, EGFR mutational status is only tested in advanced-stage lung cancer with an adenocarcinoma component. Our two sets of patients are characterized by early-stage lung adenocarcinoma and received no pre- or postoperative therapy. Accordingly, we do not have the EGFR mutational status in our cohorts.
Our study further highlights challenges to develop prognostic classifiers capable of delineating recurrent and non-recurrent early-stage lung cancer. Here, tumor specimens for both validation sets were obtained using standardized methods at a single site. As aforementioned, the clinical and pathological characteristics of both sets were matched. Despite these efforts, we were unable to validate some of the most promising single-gene prognostic biomarkers. Molecular profiling in tumor samples will remain difficult owing to intratumor heterogeneity [31]. Accordingly, others have started to use other medias to derive robust prognostic classifiers [32, 33]. Future studies will need to evaluate diverse molecular phenotypes (e.g. gene expression, somatic mutations and methylation) but also diverse biospecimen medias including tumor, adjacent non-tumor lung specimens, and liquid biopsies. Comprehensive biological sample collection and large sample size will be required.
Conclusion
EZH2 and RRM1 mRNA expression in resected stage I adenocarcinoma were associated with survival in a first validation set, but not replicated in a clinically and pathologically matched independent set. A trend was observed in the combined dataset for both genes, which calls for larger sample size of patients to identify prognostic biomarkers. This study further highlights challenges to identify prognostic biomarkers following early-stage lung cancer resection. Diverse molecular phenotypes and biospecimen medias will need to be considered to develop classifiers capable to improve postoperative risk-stratification and more accurately identify patients with early-stage pulmonary adenocarcinoma that may benefit from adjuvant therapy.
Supporting information
S1 Fig.
Kaplan-Meier analysis of overall survival according to median-derived risk categories for BTG2 (A), SELENBP1 (B), NFIB (C), and FOXM1 (D).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207513.s001
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S2 Fig. Forest-plot of hazard ratios for overall survival in categories of age, sex and pathological stage in validation set 1.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207513.s002
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S3 Fig. Kaplan-Meier analysis comparing overall survival between the two validation sets.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207513.s003
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S4 Fig. Forest-plot of hazard ratios for overall survival in categories of age, sex and pathological stage in validation set 2.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207513.s004
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S1 Table. Primers, amplicon sizes, and annealing temperatures for target and reference genes.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207513.s005
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the team at the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ) site of the Respiratory Health Network (RHN) Tissue Bank of the Fonds de recherche Québec–Santé (FRQS) (www.tissuebank.ca) for their valuable assistance.
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