Figures
Abstract
Objective
To compare life satisfaction between women with successful or unsuccessful outcome after assisted reproductive treatment (ART) by taking into account the time since the last ART.
Patients
A total of 987 consecutive women who had undergone ART during 1996–2007 were invited and altogether 505 women participated in the study.
Results
In general, women who achieved a live birth after ART had a significantly higher life satisfaction than those who had unsuccessful ART, especially when compared in the first three years. The difference disappeared in the time period of 6–9 years after ART. The unsuccessfully treated women who had a child by some other means before or after the unsuccessful ART had comparable life satisfaction with successfully treated women even earlier.
Citation: Kuivasaari-Pirinen P, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Hippeläinen M, Raatikainen K, Heinonen S (2014) Outcome of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) and Subsequent Self-Reported Life Satisfaction. PLoS ONE 9(11): e112540. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112540
Editor: James Coyne, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
Received: May 12, 2014; Accepted: October 9, 2014; Published: November 13, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Kuivasaari-Pirinen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All “Outcome of assisted reproductive technology (ART) and subsequent self-reported life satisfaction” files are available from the Dryad database (doi:10.5061/dryad.1sj6k).
Funding: This study was funded by EVO National research funding from Kuopio University Hospital (www.kuh.fi), Finnish Cultural Foundation (www.skr.fi), North Savo Regional fund and The Finnish Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (www.gynekologiyhdistys.fi). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Involuntary childlessness is regarded as a major life crisis. The prevalence of infertility has been estimated to range from 417% [1]. In Finland it has been reported to affect one out of five women of childbearing age and over half of them seem to have sought medical help for it [2]. Nevertheless, about 3050% of couples who underwent assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) remain childless [3].
The inability to conceive may cause successive disappointments to the couple [4]. Two out of every three women have been reported to remember the time period of infertility as one of the worst and most stressful experiences in their life [5]. Two comprehensive literature reviews on infertility specific distress stated that infertility is associated with distress, which is reflected by higher levels of depression and anxiety among infertile women than fertile counterparts, but still the overall clinical importance is limited in the spectrum of psychiatric disorders [6]–[7]. Infertility experience is stronger among women than among men and it varies a lot around the world [6]–[7].
In general, IVF/ICSI treatments are loaded with lots of expectations. Even if the couple may try to be realistic in relation to the treatment, optimism is prone to rise during the ART. Often emotions swing from hopefulness and enthusiasm to sorrow and frustration. High levels of anxiety and depression including suicidal thoughts have been reported to be linked with unsuccessful ART [8]–[10]. Furthermore, the risk of hospitalizations for psychiatric reasons is higher among unsuccessfully treated women than among those with successful ART [11]. Involuntary childlessness might also lead to other adverse outcomes such as isolation and social estrangement [12]. Infertile couple may avoid social life with families with children to protect the couple from facing uncomfortable situations. Due to differences in the social stigma caused by infertility in different cultures the degree of isolation may vary substantially [7]. Thus, infertility and failure in ART is a matter of quality of life [13] and life satisfaction [14], [15]. For example, Hammaberg et al. have reported that women with unsuccessful infertility treatments have significantly lower life satisfaction [16]. A study from Norway found that 19% of childless infertile women were dissatisfied with their life compared with 14% of fertile women with a child [17]. However, a systematic review of Verhaak et al. (2007) found that most women adjust well to unsuccessful IVF-treatments even if a significant proportion of women suffer from several adverse consequences [18]. So far there is little evidence on how long it takes to adjust to infertility. For example, it has been shown that three years since an unsuccessful IVF, most women still had the grief process unresolved [9]. Furthermore, women who had had unsuccessful ART 5 years earlier and were childless suffered from lower general wellbeing than women with successful ART outcome [19]. Instead, 10 years after infertility treatments the quality of life seems to be comparable in childless women and those who succeeded in the treatments [20].
Subjective wellbeing - indicated by life satisfaction and happiness - is one of the main dimensions of mental health [21]. It can be affected by achievement of one’s life goals and personal ability to adjust to a major life setback, e.g. involuntary childlessness. Like in any medical treatment, one of the main goals of infertility treatment is not only to improve somatic outcomes, but also to produce subjective wellbeing. In the management of infertility, it is to help the couple to achieve a resolution to the crisis of childlessness, regardless whether a live birth is achieved or not. Thus, support and improvement of adjustment to childlessness are important in counselling.
The present study was undertaken to compare life satisfaction between women with a live birth after ART and women with unsuccessful ART by taking into account the time since the ART.
Methods
Ethics Statement
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kuopio University Hospital. Written informed consent was given by participants for their clinical data to be used in the study and data of non-responding women were not analyzed, except live birth rate information was obtained anonymously from The Finnish Medical Birth Register.
Study participants
A total of 987 consecutive women underwent an in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment in Kuopio University Hospital between October 1996 and February 2007. All of them were sent a postal questionnaire in June 2008 with an invitation to the study, a written informed consent and an information sheet on opportunities for professional help if needed due to infertility-related problems. In addition to the questionnaire, data on their IVF/ICSI-treatment (details of ART, i.e. number of treatment cycles, transferred fresh and frozen embryos, outcome of treatments, time of the last ART), women’s body mass index and age of the couple were collected from The Fertility Register of the infertility unit in Kuopio University Hospital. The Finnish Medical Birth Register provided a live birth rate of the non-responding women and this information was anonymous.
Altogether, 540 women participated in the study. Consequently, the response rate was 54.7% after one reminder letter. Of these women, 35 had visited private fertility clinics after receiving ART in Kuopio University Hospital. They were excluded due to the inability to obtain detailed information on their treatment in the private sector. This study did not examine the reasons of the clientele to visit private clinics but the most common reasons were that they already have had the maximum number of three publicly funded IVF treatments or that they required a more flexible schedule.
In Finland, ART is offered by both the public and private sectors. ART in public health care is available only to couples who have no more than one common child. The strict age limit is not determined but usually women aged over 40 years are not treated in the public health care, unless the possibility to have success in ART is estimated to be better than 10% (for example sufficient antral follicle count). Principally, the maximum number of IVF treatments is three, and extra stimulation cycles are possible if the next treatment is evaluated to be worthwhile, due to, for instance, miscarriage in the previous cycle. The cost of medications is publicly reimbursed so that a patient has to pay only up to a maximum of about 700€/year.
The questionnaire
The postal questionnaire included several questions about ART (treatment before and during ART, outcome and cessation), couple’s decisions after ART, psychosocial support and a four-item life satisfaction scale (LS). The latter has a strong association (r = 0.6–0.8) with the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) [22], but unlike depression scales it evaluates also the positive pole of mental health, i.e. subjective well-being. Previous studies on LS have proved parallel findings or a statistical significant relationship with other well-established measures such as General Health Questionnaire GHQ-20 and GHQ-12 [23], [24]. LS has been modified from quality of life studies [25]–[27] and used to measure life satisfaction of the general as well as psychiatric populations [28]–[30]. Previous studies have documented its usability to predict long-term mortality, morbidity and health habits in the general population [31]–[35] as well its associations in patient populations with health-related quality of life [36], health habits [24], [37], psychiatric [31] and surgical recovery processes [38] indicated by several well known and widely used scales.
The four items of the LS are following: Do you feel that your life at present is a) very interesting (1), fairly interesting (2), fairly boring (4) or very boring (5)? b) very happy (1), fairly happy (2), fairly sad (4) or very sad (5)? c) very easy (1), fairly easy (2), fairly hard (4) or very hard (5)? d) Do you feel that at the present moment you are very lonely (5), fairly lonely (4) or not at all lonely (1)? The scores are presented in the parenthesis. The response “cannot say” or omitting an item is scored as 3. If three or all four questions were omitted, the score was recorded as a missing data. Thus, the total LS score ranges from 4 to 20. As in previous studies the total score was divided to three categories based on the distribution in a general population; the score 4–6 indicated satisfaction, 12–20 dissatisfaction and the intermediate group (LS 7–11) consisted of those subjects within one standard deviation from the mean [25]. All questions were answered by 98.4% and at least two questions by 99.4% of responders. Thus, only three subjects (0.6%) were excluded due to incomplete response to LS.
Statistical analyses
The comparison of the two groups, i.e. the women who had a live birth as a result of ART and those who had unsuccessful outcome, was performed using SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). When time was taken into consideration, the comparisons were conducted between three groups: i) women with a live birth after ART, ii) women with unsuccessful ART but with a biological child either before or after ART, and iii) childless women with unsuccessful ART. The statistical significance of continuous variables was analysed using a two-tailed pooled t tests, and Mann-Whitney U-test when appropriate, and displayed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Frequencies were compared by the χ2-test or by Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The risk ratios for being satisfied (LS 4–6) were calculated by using unadjusted relative risk ratios comparing successfully treated women with unsuccessfully treated women with or without children.
Results
Background
The final study group (n = 505) consisted of 296 women with successful and 209 women with unsuccessful ART. Their background data were comparable, with the exception that the latter group was somewhat older and had a slightly higher body mass index (Table 1). The mean age (33.4±5.9 vs. 34.1±5.9) of spouses and their current smoking (28.0% vs. 30.6%) were also similar in these two groups.
Indications for the ART were similar in both ART outcome groups (Table 1). If one includes frozen embryo transfers, 55.0% of women had 1–2 transfers, and 40.6% had three or more transfers. The rest of the women had undergone oocyte retrieval without a transfer due to an unsuccessful stimulation. The time since the last ART ranged between 1.3 and 11.7 years (mean: 5.6 y; median: 5.2 y).
Women with unsuccessful ART had had significantly more miscarriages, ectopic pregnancies and ART trials than those with successful ART (Table 1). Duration of infertility, time since last ART and indications for the ART were similar in these two ART outcome groups (Table 1). However, no cases with uterine factor as an indication for ART were found among women with successful ART compared to six cases among women with unsuccessful ART.
In the successful ART group 46 women had a biological child before the treatment. In the unsuccessful ART group, as many as 78 women (37.3%; 78/209) had a biological child either before (n = 39, 18.7%) or after the treatment (n = 47, 22.5%) with altogether eight of women having a child both before and after an unsuccessful treatment.
ART outcome and life satisfaction
Women with successful ART were significantly more satisfied with their lives in 2008 than the women with unsuccessful ART (mean LS 6.8±2.4 vs. 7.6±3.0, p = 0.003), this was also seen in the proportion of dissatisfied women in these two groups (Table 2). In the intermediate category, instead, there were no differences between the groups. When women with unsuccessful treatment were categorized into two groups according their motherhood status (without a child or with a child without ART either before or after unsuccessful ART treatment), there were no differences when the latter group was compared to the women with successful ART.
When the time since last ART was taken into account, the relationship between LS-score and outcome of ART displayed more variation (Table 3 and Fig. 1). If less than three years have gone after the ART, women with unsuccessful ART with or without a biological child had similar LS scores. Both of these groups were statistically significantly more dissatisfied than successfully treated women. However, if 3–6 years had elapsed since the last treatment, only the childless women with unsuccessful ART were still more dissatisfied compared to successfully treated women. If over 6 years has gone after ART, no statistically significant differences in life satisfaction were found between any of these three groups.
The score 4–6 indicates satisfaction, 1220 dissatisfaction and the intermediate group (LS 7–11) consisted of those subjects within one standard deviation from the mean.
According to The Finnish Medical Birth Register the live birth rate of the non-responding women (n = 447) was comparable with that of our final study group (n = 540) i.e. 57.5% vs. 58.6%. The mean age of the non-responding women was higher than in the responding women (40.1 vs. 38.8 y).
Discussion
The present study investigated how the outcome of ART is associated with women’s life satisfaction and how time since last ART is relevant to it. Women who had given birth through ART had higher life satisfaction than the women who did not conceive, especially if the time lag was less than three years. However, passing of time (i.e. more than 6 years) and having a biological child by some other means before or after ART seemed to buffer between unsuccessful ART and life satisfaction.
There is little evidence on how the duration of time from the last ART is associated with life satisfaction. Previously, Leiblum et al. (1998) found no association between time since the last treatment (2 to 13 years ago) and life satisfaction in their cross-sectional study [15]. Still, findings supporting our results can be found. According to Verhaak et al. (2005) adjustment to unsuccessful IVF did not occur after six months from IVF in over 20% of their patients [39]. Hammarberg et al. (2001) reported that lower life satisfaction was found after 2–3 years of treatment cessation among women who failed to conceive than among women who succeeded [40]. In a Swedish study, after 5 years since ART, a group with successful IVF had significantly higher general wellbeing than participants in unsuccessful IVF group [19]. Recently, Wischmann (2012) found that three out of four childless women had no further desire for a child after ten years from the first treatment contact [20]. When combining these findings with ours, the adjustment to involuntary childlessness may take place by five to ten years, at least in the majority of the women. Nevertheless, this result does not take into account that some women may have had psychological support to relieve the grief of childlessness.
The present study found positive messages. Firstly, great majority of women with previous ART were satisfied with their life. Only 5.7% of the successfully treated women and 14.5% of women who remained childless were subsequently dissatisfied according the LS scale. The group difference was significant also in the category of satisfied women, but in the intermediate group the proportions of women in the successful and unsuccessful group were equal. The categories of satisfied and unsatisfied represent responses’ extremities while in the intermediate group other factors in life may have diluted the responses. The mean LS score among women undergoing ART was lower (i.e. indicating better life satisfaction) in adult women aged somewhat the same, but the latter data was collected decades ago [30] without taking into account marital status.
In a previous study, the level of psychosocial stress among involuntarily childless women was in the normal range, even if it was higher than in women with successful infertility treatments [41]. Selection may partly explain this. Our participants had higher educational level than women of the same age group in the general Finnish population which may reflect better life management and consequently better adjustment to the possibility of infertility [42]. Moreover, couples willing to attend ART treatment might have better life management than childless couples not capable or willing to the stressful fertility treatment [4]. Furthermore, in a recent Danish study, women who attended ART had lower rate of depression diagnosis than the age-matched general population and the risk of depression decreased within few years after ART [43]. On the one hand, women who do not participate to infertility treatments might have lower desire for a child [44]. Still, both life dissatisfaction [22] as well as unsuccessful IVF has been repeatedly associated with depression [2], [14], [45]–[47]. Recurrent failures in ART can increase the risk of depression, but also miscarriages or ectopic pregnancies, which are more common among women with unsuccessful ART, play a role. This should be taken into consideration in counseling infertile couples, especially at the time of decisions after unsuccessful attempts.
The second positive message was that women with unsuccessful ART were, in general, adjusted to their infertility after few years. However, further longitudinal follow-up studies are needed, especially those including also childless women who do not attempt ART at all.
Overall, one strength in this cross sectional study was the comparable background data of both groups, i.e. those with successful or unsuccessful outcome as for educational level, occupation during ART, motherhood status and duration of infertility. We used the valid self-assessment scales and register based information of the actual time since last ART was reliable. The life satisfaction scale we have chosen has a strong correlation with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) [22], which is a widely used instrument for depression. BDI, however, does not measure positive aspects of life in contrast to the life satisfaction scale. Our survey focused on women who were public health care clients. Thus, access to ART and treatment procedures was equal for all, regardless of the social status. All women were treated in the same clinic by the same physicians and were living in the same district.
Despite the strengths mentioned above this study has some limitations, such as a relatively low response rate (55%) but it is in line with other infertility related surveys [40]. According to non-responder analysis, the non-responders were statistically significantly somewhat older (1.3years) than women in the study groups. However, its clinical significance was unlikely crucial in this setting. One can speculate also that women with advancing age may have somewhat diluted significance of infertility. Live birth rate, on the contrary, was equal among the responders and non-responders (59% vs. 58%, respectively). Still, women with decreased ability to process their infertility, might respond less willingly to a questionnaire about infertility. If they had responded, it might have increased the life satisfaction differences between ART outcome groups. Thus, our results may be a conservative.
In the present study the group of women who did not consider ART as a possible treatment option could not be assessed. Only about every second woman with infertility will seek help and two thirds of them have been reported to discontinue fertility care before attempting IVF [48]. A limitation was also that the spouses were not included, even if infertility affects also men or couples as a whole. Still, according to previous studies, infertility has a greater emotional effect on women than on men [15], [49]–[51].
In a cross sectional study design it is not possible to show causalities. Thus, we do not claim that the success in ART will cause higher life satisfaction, but we were able to point the association between ART outcome, life satisfaction and time passing. Still, we did not have potential to take into account other life occurrences such as adoption, divorce or severe illness. Previously, it has been shown that mothers through adoption have higher general wellbeing than women with non-successful IVF or mothers through spontaneous pregnancy [19]. In a longitudinal setting there is a problem of declining response rate over time and selection bias in the study subjects. In our study, the distribution of the responders was equal at the different time points. They also filled in the questionnaire at the same time point. Thus, environmental factors such as economic highs and lows in the society did not affect the responses in the present study.
This study was conducted in Finland, where it is, like in other developed countries, socially acceptable to be voluntarily childless. In low-income settings, on the contrary, involuntary childless women may feel themselves as a society’s outcast [52]. By taking into consideration these circumstances, including that in Finland ART is available for all social classes, the results of the current study can be generalized to women living in developed countries with a similar structure of the society and to women who have a chance to attend ART.
In conclusion, even if infertility is a source of grief and a risk for poor well-being it can be a life crisis which seems not to have a tendency to jeopardize the long-term well-being of a woman in developed countries. Nevertheless, the current study does not allege that the grief will disappear, but it is possible to learn, after obtaining help from professionals or family if necessary, to live alongside with it.
Acknowledgments
Great thanks must go to Mika Gissler, Professor in National Institute of Health and Welfare, who provided the information of Finnish Medical Birth Register.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: PK MH KR HK SH. Performed the experiments: PK MH KR HK SH. Analyzed the data: PK MH KR HK SH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PK MH KR HK SH. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: PK MH KR HK SH.
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