The Intestinal Archaea Methanosphaera stadtmanae and Methanobrevibacter smithii Activate Human Dendritic Cells
Figure 2
Phagocytosis of M. stadtmanae is crucial for immune cell activation.
A) After preincubation with 1 µM Cytochalasin D (in DMSO) and with DMSO alone (control) for 30 min 1×105 moDCs were stimulated with 1×107 methanoarchaeal cells in glass cover slips for a period of 4 h. Lysosomes in moDCs were stained with LysoTracker Red DND-99 during time of incubation. After incubation, moDCs were washed, fixed with 3% paraformaldehyde and labeled with Hoechst (DAPI-staining). Images were captured using LSM 510 confocal microscopy (Zeiss) with Leica confocal software and are representative of the respective samples. B) 1×106 moDCs were stimulated with 1×108 methanoarchaeal cells for a period of 4 h. After washing in PBS, moDCs were fixed for electron microscopy. Images are representative for the respective sample.