Hypoxia and Acidification Have Additive and Synergistic Negative Effects on the Growth, Survival, and Metamorphosis of Early Life Stage Bivalves
Figure 3
Performance of A. irradians larvae exposed to two levels of dissolved oxygen and pHT.
(A) Percent survival and (B) percent metamorphosis of surviving A. irradians larvae during exposure to two levels of pH and dissolved oxygen. (C) Percent survival and (D) percent metamorphosis of surviving A. irradians larvae in water naturally low in dissolved oxygen and pH (umamended), low oxygen with normal low pH (via the addition of sodium carbonate), or with normal oxygen and pH (via aeration with and without sodium carbonate). There was no metamorphosis in the unamended and sodium carbonate treatments. Points are means ±1 S.D. Dissolved oxygen and pH levels are presented in Figures 2. Complete carbonate chemistry is given in Tables S1 and S2, while statistical analyses appear in Tables S5, S6, S8, and S9.