Degenerate Wave and Capacitive Coupling Increase Human MSC Invasion and Proliferation While Reducing Cytotoxicity in an In Vitro Wound Healing Model
Figure 2
Assessment of cytotoxicity and Proliferation in BMMSCs before and after ES.
A, LDH assay to assess toxicity of the BMMSCs after ES. DW has the least cytotoxic effect on cells at days 1, 2, 3 and 5 compared to the other waveforms. All waveforms showed similar cytotoxicity by the fifth day to unstimulated cells. *; p<0.001. B, Proliferation of the Bone Marrow Stem Cells (BMMSCs) was assessed by WST-1 assay. DW has the greatest proliferative effect on cells after 5 days of stimulation (DW vs. CC, p<0.01, DW vs. DC, p<0.01, DW vs. PEMF, p<0.001, DW vs. Control, p<0.001). C, Percentage of apoptotic cells shown here after days 2, 3 and 5 days of electrical stimulation. PEMF had the highest number of apoptotic cells after 2, 3 and 5 days of ES compared to the other waveforms. *; p<0.001.