Reconciling Apparent Conflicts between Mitochondrial and Nuclear Phylogenies in African Elephants
Figure 1
Location map and nuclear genetic clustering of sampled elephant populations in Africa.
The map portrays the extent of tropical forest (dark green), and the forest-savanna transition zone (light green) [28]. Bar plots for each locale represent the average contribution to the genotypes of elephants made by forest (green) or savanna (orange) elephants, as partitioned using the program STRUCTURE (K = 2) using data from 11 microsatellite loci (see Figure 2). STRUCTURE cluster 1 (green) comprised 99.5% of forest populations and 0.6% of savanna populations. Cluster 2 (orange) comprised 0.5% of forest populations and 99.4% of savanna populations. Sampling locations in forest habitats were: DS-Dzanga Sangha, Central African Republic; OD-Odzala, Congo (Brazzaville); BF-Bili Forest, Congo (Kinshasa); LO-Lope, Gabon; and SL-Sierra Leone (one zoo individual). Savanna locations: CH-Chobe, MA-Mashatu, SA-Savuti in Botswana; BE-Benoue, WA-Waza in Cameroon; AB-Aberdares, AM-Amboseli, KE-Central Kenya/Laikipia, MK-Mount Kenya in Kenya; NA-Northern Namibia/Etosha; KR-Kruger in South Africa; NG-Ngorongoro, SE-Serengeti, TA-Tarangire in Tanzania; HW-Hwange, SW-Sengwa, ZZ-Zambezi in Zimbabwe. GR-Garamba is located in the Guinea-Congolian/Sudanian transition zone of vegetation in D.R. Congo that historically included a mixture of forest and secondary grasslands [28] suitable for both African elephant groups [3].