T Cell Responses to the RTS,S/AS01E and RTS,S/AS02D Malaria Candidate Vaccines Administered According to Different Schedules to Ghanaian Children
Figure 2
Whole-blood intracellular cytokine detection by flow cytometry.
Whole-blood intracellular cytokine detection by flow cytometry was performed following overnight stimulation with medium (negative control), CSP and PHA (positive control). (A) CD4 or CD8 T cells were identified from a lymphocyte gate on an SSC-FSC plot. (B) IL-2+, TNF-α+, IFN-γ+, and CD40-ligand (not shown) CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells (not shown) were counted. The unstimulated sample (medium) shows background levels of cytokine production, while the stimulation with PHA (positive control) shows strong production of IL-2, TNF-α, or IFN-γ by CD4 T cells. The CSP stimulated illustrative sample from an RTS,S/AS01E vaccinated individual shows production of IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ by CD4 T cells.