Genetic and Proteomic Evidence for Roles of Drosophila SUMO in Cell Cycle Control, Ras Signaling, and Early Pattern Formation
Figure 4
sumo is required for normal syncytial nuclear cycles.
A) A wild type syncytial blastoderm embryo in metaphase. B–E) Representative nuclear cycle defects in DAPI stained sumo04493 GLC embryos. DAPI staining revealed multiple cell cycle defects in sumo04493 GLC embryos. Panel B shows a sumo04493 mutant embryo, while B′ and B″ are magnified views of two regions of the embryo in B. The arrow in B′ points to an abnormally large cluster of chromosomes, indicating polyploidy, and the arrow in B″ points to a prominent chromosome bridge. C) Abnormal chromosomal organization. The arrow in D highlights a possible cohesion defect. The left arrow in E points to a cluster of hypercondensed chromosomes, and the right arrow points to chromosome fragments. F) Frequency of cell cycle defects in sumo and ubc9 mutant GLC embryos.