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Input-Dependent Frequency Modulation of Cortical Gamma Oscillations Shapes Spatial Synchronization and Enables Phase Coding

Figure 8

Arnold reconstruction and information content of the frequency, phase and combined codes for natural image input.

A) Arnold tongue reconstruction from the natural images (n = 80) by using detuning and coupling between all possible pairs of oscillators in the lattice network. We used lattice distance here as approximation for coupling (see Methods). The resulting Arnold tongue in terms of (I) phase-locking (II) phase-relation and (III) (emergent) frequency difference is shown. In (IV) a cross-section of the Arnold-tongue with overlaid representation of phase-locking (black), phase-relation (red) and intrinsic frequency (dashed) for an oscillator-pair of a lattice distance of 3 pixels (direct coupling strength = 0.62). B) Stimulus reconstruction of the natural image contrast. Intrinsic frequency of all phase oscillators determined by local contrasts of example image Sorig [71] were reconstructed based on the frequency code Sest(ω), the phase code Sest(θ) and the combined frequency-phase code Sest(ω,θ) C) The reconstruction performance, measured by mutual information (MI), was from lowest to highest MI = 0.28 for Sest(θ), MI = 0.46 for frequency code Sest(ω) and MI = 0.67 for combined code Sest(ω,θ). Error bars give ±3 SEM (n = 80).

Figure 8

doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004072.g008