Keywords
Enteral nutrition, tube feeding, nurses’ knowledge, intensive care units, public hospitals, Yemen
This article is included in the Agriculture, Food and Nutrition gateway.
Enteral nutrition, tube feeding, nurses’ knowledge, intensive care units, public hospitals, Yemen
Title of the study:
In response to the reviewer's comments, we amended and updated the study's title.
Discussion
In response to the reviewer's comments, we added a recommendation in the final paragraph to investigate the causal relationship, which might benefit in the design of future interventions focusing on specific factors.
Conclusion
In response to the reviewer's comments, we added to the concluding section a recommendation to use Vensim PLE's system dynamics modeling to demonstrate the impact of training on care improvements.
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Khaled Mohammed Al-Sayaghi
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Hiroyuki Ohbe
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Joannes Paulus Tolentino Hernandez
Critically ill patients need regular enteral nutrition (EN) as an essential intervention to fulfil the body’s dietary and physiological requirement1. EN is the recommended method of nutritional support for ICU ill patients who need extra nutritional calories because of the increased metabolic rate2. It is considered as a medical therapy in law; hence, it should not be initiated only after ethical considerations have been made.
Previously, delivering of EN to critically ill patients was considered as a type of supportive care and not a therapeutic intervention3. Based on its benefits, it is more than a supportive therapy. It has been found that EN protects critically ill patients from malnutrition and subsequently improves body immunity and healing of tissues, which decreases their physiological stress effect, peptic ulcer, rates of infection4,5, the inflammatory response and maintains the function and integrity of the bowel3,6. Although maintaining balanced feeding via EN improves patients' health-related-outcomes, overfeeding leads to an increase in the mortality rate and must be avoided7.
Malnutrition among ICU ill patients is a universal public health concern, with a prevalence rate ranging from 40 to 60%8. According to previous studies, almost 70% of ICU patients acquired malnutrition during hospitalization9. To overcome this serious problem, EN should be initiated as early as possible for critically ill patients to avoid any risk of morbidity and mortality, which usually increases due to long patient hunger10. Previous studies and nutritional guideline have recommended that EN should be started within 24 to 48 hours of patients' admission to the ICUs or after the stability of the hemodynamic state, specifically after cardiac resuscitation11. In other words, once critically ill patients are admitted to ICUs, delivering appropriate nutrition becomes imperative12.
Despite the benefits of EN to critically ill patients, this process is usually associated with many complications, particularly if performed without an adequate level of knowledge13,14. Inappropriate delivering and poor care of EN can result into several complications, such as tube blockage or mal-positioning, nausea, vomiting, pulmonary aspiration, overfeeding, diarrhoea, treatment-related complications and delivery-site related complications like infection and agitation15. ICU nurses play a significant role in preventing such complications because they are responsible for identifying patients' nutritional risk, the calories needed, initiating and managing EN and monitoring any potential complications16,17. Accordingly, they must be knowledgeable enough to administer EN to critically ill patients safely14,16. To the best of the authors' knowledge, Yemeni nurses' enteral nutrition care knowledge has not yet been assessed, and they lack the necessary knowledge to safely deliver and care for enteral nutrition. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore Yemeni ICU nurses’ knowledge regarding care of EN. Specifically, our study aimed to answer the following two research questions:
A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to assess the knowledge level of ICU nurses regarding EN care.
The study was conducted in ICUs at four public hospitals in Sana'a, the capital city of Yemen. These hospitals were selected as they are the referral hospitals for most people and the service fees are low.
According to previous study, 71.1% of the respondents had a satisfactory total level of knowledge about EN18. Because our study was a cross-sectional, the following equation was used to calculate sample size: N=4pq/d219, where; N: required sample size, p: expected proportion of sample (from previous studies), q = 100 – p, and d= wanted precision (10% was taken in this study). Accordingly, a sample of 163 nurses was calculated. Assuming attrition of 10% = 16 + 163 = 179 nurses was required.
Stratified sampling was utilized to select the participants from the above-mentioned public hospitals. A list of the ICU nurses’ name was obtained from each hospital. The required sample was drawn randomly from each list using a systematic random technique. All ICU nurses who had at least 6 months working experience, including both males and females with different educational qualifications, who were involved directly in ICU patients care, full-time employees and had agreed to participate were eligible to take part in this study. Nurses who included in the pilot study and those who were unwilling to participate were excluded. Based on these criteria, the eligible participants were approached by the researchers at their workplace. Out of 384 ICU nurses, 174 nurses were included in this study.
Based on previous related studies10,20, a self-administered questionnaire was adapted by the researchers. The questionnaire consists of 17 questions with four possible options to be answered. The final questionnaire (see Extended data21 for a blank copy) is divided into two sections as follow:
The first section is related to the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants: age, sex, level of education, working experience as a nurse, working experience as ICU nurse, training courses on EN and sources of knowledge about EN.
The second section is related to knowledge of ICU nurses regarding EN care and is divided into three subsections:
1. Knowledge of ICU nurses regarding before EN administration, which includes eight questions with a total of 32 responses.
2. Knowledge of ICU nurses regarding during EN administration, which involves four questions with a total of 16 responses.
3. Knowledge of the ICU nurses regarding after EN administration, which involves five questions with a total of 20 responses.
The 17 questions related to knowledge were assessed with “Yes” and “No” options. After correction of some reverse statements, a score of 1 was given for each correct response, while a score of 0 was given for each “incorrect” response. The maximum score for all correct answers was 68. Correct answers were calculated to obtain total scores for all questions of the three subsections. A score of 50% or less was considered inadequate, 51–75% moderate, while 76% and above was considered as adequate22,23.
Three experts in the EN from hospitals and Al-Razi University were invited to participate in examining the content validity for the instrument used in this study. Their comments concerning the tool accuracy, relevance, consistency, comprehensiveness and applicability for implementation were taken in consideration. A pilot study was conducted on 40 ICU nurses. Cronbach’s alpha test was performed to examine the reliability of the questionnaire items. The result of the alpha was 0.78, which is acceptable.
A self-administered questionnaire was distributed during the period of February to March 2019. The ICU nurses in the selected hospitals were invited to fill the questionnaire. Out of 179 questionnaires distributed, 174 were completed correctly and included in the final analysis.
The participants' responses were entered, cleaned, checked and explored using statistical software (IBMSPSS), version 22.0. The analyzed data was described using the mean values and standard deviations for continuous variables as well as the frequency and percentages for the categorical variables. Chi-square tests and Fisher exact test were conducted to find out the associations between the ICU nurses’ knowledge and the selected socio-demographic variables. A p-value of ≤0.05 was reported as statistically significant.
Ethical clearance from the Ethics Committee of Al-Razi University was obtained for the current study. Then, an official written permission was also obtained from the managers of the selected hospitals prior to conducting the study. A written consent from all involved nurses was obtained prior to conducting the study.
Almost half of the participants' age (48.9%) ranged from 20 to 25 years with a mean ±SD of 26.94±4.31. Most of them (60.9%) were females and had a 3-year nursing diploma (66.1%). Regarding their previous experience, 79.3% of the participants had 1 to 5 years of working experience as nurses, while 70.7% of them had working experience as ICU nurses for the same duration. More than half of the nurses (59.20%) had never attended training courses on EN, whereas 61.5% of them specified that colleges or institutes of nursing were a source for their knowledge about EN. Further details of socio-demographic characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 1. De-identified socio-demographic characteristics, in addition to individual-level responses to the questionnaire, are available as Underlying data24.
The results showed that only 16.1% of the participants had an adequate level of knowledge, while 44.80% of them had a moderate level of knowledge and 39.10% reported an inadequate level of knowledge about pre-administration of EN. Concerning the level of the participants’ knowledge on administration of EN, the results showed that nearly half (49.40%) of them had an inadequate level of knowledge regarding administration of EN. However, 5.80% of the participants had an adequate level and 44.80% of them reported a moderate level of knowledge on administration of EN. Regarding the level of knowledge of EN following administration, the results revealed that most (47.70%) of the ICU nurses had an inadequate level of knowledge, and 9.20% had an adequate level, while 43% of them had a moderate level of knowledge about care following adminsitration of EN. The detailed results are demonstrated in Figure 1.
Concerning the overall level of ICU nurses’ knowledge on the different items of EN care, the results of the current study showed that the most (46.0%) of the participants had an overall inadequate level of knowledge and only (10.9%) had an overall adequate level of knowledge, while (43.1%) had an overall moderate level of knowledge regarding the EN care. The results are illustrated in Figure 2.
The current results indicated that there was a significant association between the level of education and sources of knowledge about EN and the overall level of participants’ knowledge of EN care (P=0.011 and P=0.050, respectively). However, there were no significant associations between the participants’ age, sex, experience as nurses, experience as ICU nurses and training courses and the overall level of knowledge regarding EN care (P= 0.291, 0.626, 0.453, 0.220 and 0.714, respectively). The detailed results of the association are presented in Table 2.
Socio-demographic characteristics | Knowledge level | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Adequate | Moderate | Inadequate | P-value | |
Age (years) | ||||
20–25 years | 7(8.3) | 37 (43.5) | 41(48.2) | 0.291 |
26–30 years | 6(10.0) | 24(40.0) | 30(50.0) | |
31–35 years | 5(25.0) | 8(40.0) | 7(35.0) | |
≥36 years | 1(11.1) | 6 (66.1) | 2(22.2) | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 6(8.8) | 32(47.1) | 30(44.1) | 0.626 |
Female | 13(12.3) | 43(40.6) | 50(47.2) | |
Level of education | ||||
Diploma | 8(7.0) | 57(49.6) | 50(43.5) | 0.012* |
Bachelor | 9(16.4) | 17(30.9) | 29(52.7) | |
Master | 2(50.0) | 1(25.0) | 1(25.0) | |
Working experience as a nurse (years) | ||||
1–5 | 12(8.7) | 59(42.8) | 67(48.6) | 0.220 |
6–10 | 6 (24.0) | 10(40.0) | 9(36.0) | |
˃10 | 1(9.1) | 6(54.5) | 4(36.4) | |
Working experience in ICU (years) | ||||
1–5 | 12 (9.8) | 52(42.3) | 59(48.0) | 0.453 |
6–10 | 6(18.8) | 15(46.9) | 11(34.4) | |
˃10 | 1(5.3) | 8(42.1) | 10(52.6) | |
Training courses on enteral nutrition | ||||
Yes | 8(11.3) | 28(39.4) | 35(49.3) | 0.714 |
No | 11(10.7) | 47(45.6) | 45(43.7) | |
Sources of knowledge about enteral nutrition | ||||
College or Institute of Nursing | 11(9.6) | 56(49.1) | 47(41.2) | 0.050* |
Consulting colleagues | 6(26.1) | 8(34.8) | 9(39.1) | |
In-service training courses | 2(8.3) | 8(33.3) | 14(58.3) | |
Others | 0(0.0) | 3(23.1) | 10(76.7) |
The key finding in the current study was that the ICU nurses exhibited an inadequate level of knowledge concerning EN care. However, only 10.90% of the ICU nurses had an overall adequate level of knowledge regarding the EN care as a whole and the levels of adequate knowledge of it before administration, during administration and after administration were (16.10%, 5.80% and 9.20%, respectively). Such an inadequate knowledge among most Yemeni ICU nurses might be due to the inadequacy of in-service refreshing training’ courses or because hospitals have not a clear and updated guideline protocol that ICU nurses can access and adhere to at work. As mentioned above, 59.20% of ICU nurses had never engaged in training courses about EN, and most had a three-year nursing diploma and had five-years working experience or less, which supports our speculation. Our findings highlighted the gap in ICU nurses’ knowledge regarding the EN care, which indicates the necessity for conducting in-service training courses that focus on EN care. The results are consistent with an earlier study10 which assessed knowledge and practice among 85 nurses working in ICU concerning EN care. The result revealed that ICU nurses had a low and inadequate level of knowledge about EN care. In another similar study25 that assessed nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding use of a nasogastric tube (NGT) in medications administration for ICU patients, an unsatisfactory level of knowledge among nurses was found. Additionally, another study26 assessing nurses’ knowledge level about nutrition revealed that nurses had poor knowledge of nutrition. However, the results of the current study are inconsistent with the result of Al-Hawaly, Ibrahim and Qalawa18 who found that the majority of the respondents had a satisfactory overall level of knowledge concerning NGT nutrition administering. Likewise, the result disagrees with the result of Carlos, Costa and Simino27, who registered a satisfactory level of nurses’ knowledge concerning nutritional therapy.
Another key finding of this study is that the level of ICU nurses’ knowledge regarding EN care was significantly associated with the educational level (χ2 = 11.439, P= 0.012). In other words, a high educational level in nursing was associated with a higher level of knowledge. This could be attributed to the fact that faculties of nursing focus more on the theoretical aspect, while health institutes pay considerable attention to the practical aspect. This finding is similar to those of Abdullah et al.,25, Shahin et al.,10 and Taha and Said16, who found that the educational level was positively significant associated with the level of the nurses’ knowledge about EN care, whereas those who had a bachelor degree achieved a higher level of knowledge compared to those with less educational level. However, our finding was inconsistent with the results of Aml, Manal and Fatamah28, who reported no difference in knowledge level based on the nurses’ educational qualifications. This discrepancy is possibly because of the differences in the curriculum of educational institutions. Furthermore, it was found that a significant association between the knowledge level and the sources of information related to EN care (χ2= 11.845, P= 0.050). The result implied that colleges and institutes of nursing represent the main source for respondents' knowledge about EN care. This result could be supported by the result of the present study as the majority (59.2%) of the respondents had never attended training courses related to EN care and only 7.5% of them used other resources for gaining knowledge about EN. Our result is in line with those of Abdullah et al.25, who found that doctors and previously working experience were the major sources for the nurses’ knowledge regarding EN care. The result also agrees with that of Morphet et al.17 concerning colleagues as the main source of respondents' knowledge. Yet, this disagrees with that result concerning the hospital policies and protocols as the source for the respondents’ knowledge about EN. In contrast, the result is incompatible with that found by Al Kalaldeh, Watson and Hayter29, as the researchers reported that the internet was the major source of knowledge about EN among the other sources for nurses.
On the other hand, there were no significant associations between the level of ICU the gap in ICU nurses’ knowledge regarding EN care and their age, sex, working experience and training courses about EN care. The results are consistent with those of Penland30 in relation to the respondents’ age, as the researcher reported that the respondents’ knowledge level was not significantly associated with age. However, our results are in disagreement with the results of studies by Taha and Said16 and Mooi31 in relation to the nurses’ age and years of working experience, as the researchers found that there was a highly statistically significant association between knowledge level regarding EN care and the respondents' age and previous working experience. This discrepancy might be attributed to the nature of training courses provided and the differences in the respondents' data, where it was found that young and newly graduated nurses had been more receptive, more tolerant and have a more potent memory.
According to the findings, Yemeni nurses lacked knowledge of enteral nutrition care. This would enable decision-makers develop a need-based plan to fill the existing gap, and Yemeni nurses' knowledge would allowing them to grow professionally and provide safe health-care services. Furthermore, the findings of this study will be used as a data base for future research and to inform potential readers about Yemen's nurses' current situation.
The current study has some limitations that should be addressed in future research. The study was exclusive to assessment of nurses’ knowledge in ICUs at public hospitals in Sana'a, the capital city of Yemen. Thus, the findings should be dealt with caution. Besides, future studies should evaluate nurses’ practices in different hospitals and settings, and it would be beneficial to explore the causal relationships that would aid in the design of future interventions that focus on certain factors or variables.
Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that Yemeni ICU nurses had an inadequate level of knowledge about EN care. Accordingly, improving such knowledge regarding EN care is extremely needed. To this end, holding an in-service training courses in EN care among ICU Yemeni nurses and conduct such training courses on a regular basis are highly recommended. Vensim PLE's system dynamics modeling can also be utilized to demonstrate the impact of training on care improvements.
Figshare: ICU nurses’ knowledge about EN. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1254232724
This file contains the individual-level responses of all participants to each question asked.
Figshare: Questionnaire on ICU nurses’ knowledge regarding EN. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1264398821.
This file contains an English-language blank copy of the questionnaire used in this study.
Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).
The authors would like to thank the hospitals’ managers for their kind cooperation and also all those who helped in data collection.
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Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Nursing, Communication, Complex Networks, Technology, Robotics
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
No
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Partly
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Nursing, Communication, Complex Networks, Technology, Robotics
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Medical surgical Nursing, nutritional support in ICU
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Partly
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Partly
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Partly
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Partly
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Partly
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Nutrition support in critically ill patients. Clinical epidemiology.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Yes
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Yes
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
Yes
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
Partly
Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility?
Yes
Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
Yes
Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Medical surgical Nursing, nutritional support in ICU
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Version 1 22 Jul 20 |
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