Introduction
Nausea is an unpleasant sensation causing discomfort in the stomach area which gives the feeling of the impending need to vomit or retch. It is often a transient sensation which is frequently followed by active retching or tachycardia and increased salivation1,2. Vomiting is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of the stomach through the mouth and/or nose3,4. The incidence of these side effects varies from 30–80% after elective surgery depending on the type of anesthesia and surgery as well as predisposing patient risk factors5,6.
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) describes nausea and/or vomiting or retching occurring in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) or during the first 24–48 hours after surgery7. Postdischarge nausea and vomiting (PDNV) refers to symptoms that occur after discharge from the hospital or surgical care facility8. Not only is PONV a distressing complication from the patient’s perspective but also it can result in dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, acid base imbalance, pulmonary aspiration, pneumothorax, hypoxia, esophageal rupture, increased intracranial pressure, suture rupture, wound dehiscence, bleeding, delay in the ability to resume oral intake, prolonged PACU and/or hospital stay, fatigue, anxiety, unanticipated hospital admission or readmission, and increased medical costs. The distressing symptoms of PONV/PDNV also contribute to patient dissatisfaction with their surgical experience9–12. PONV prophylaxis is economically beneficial for the hospital when a rational multimodal program is implemented based on patient and procedural risk factors13,14.
There have been over 4,000 peer-reviewed publications describing treatments for PONV/PDNV in the last 50 years, and numerous new antiemetic drugs and devices have been introduced into clinical practice, yet practitioners have been unable to eliminate this common postoperative problem6,15. The use of opioid analgesics during the perioperative period for the treatment and/or prevention of pain is a major contributing factor in patients who are at risk of developing PONV and PDNV. Dinges et al.16 found that, compared to morphine, the risk ratio for nausea and vomiting did not significantly differ among different opioid compounds except for a higher incidence with buprenorphine and a lower incidence with fentanyl. Despite more widespread use of combinations of prophylactic antiemetic drugs, shorter-acting anesthetic, analgesic, and muscle relaxant drugs, and multimodal analgesic regimens, PONV still affects approximately 30% of all elective surgical patients, with certain high-risk patients experiencing rates of up to 80%5,6,17. As newer antiemetic drugs with better safety profiles are introduced into clinical practice, clinical studies are needed to determine the most cost-effective practices for controlling PONV while minimizing other side effects due to unexpected drug–drug interactions. The high incidence of PONV has persisted in part because of the tremendous growth in ambulatory surgery and the increased emphasis on earlier mobilization and discharge after both minor and major operations18. One in four patients undergoing ambulatory laparoscopic surgery experienced PONV before discharge. Also, the combination of PONV and pain was present in more than 50% of this patient population. Of interest, a higher incidence of PONV was reported in patients with longer preoperative waiting times (>45 minutes)19. Despite the extensive literature, the optimal prophylactic antiemetic regimen for specific surgical procedures has not been established5,17,20. This review article will focus on the most recently published peer-reviewed literature, as well as some of the classical references, considering both prevention and treatment of PONV using evidence-based multimodal antiemetic prophylaxis regimens. We will also examine pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches.
Risk factors for PONV and PDNV
By identifying risk factors for PONV, we can ensure that those patients who are the most in need and stand to gain the greatest benefit receive optimal antiemetic prophylaxis21–26. A number of factors, including patient-, anesthetic-, and surgical-related factors, influence the occurence of postoperative emetic symptoms (Table 1–Table 3)27,28. Patient-specific factors include female gender (odds ratio [OR] 2.57), non-smoking status (OR 1.82), history of PONV or motion sickness (OR 2.09)34–37, and age <50 years (OR 1.79 in PACU and OR 2.17 for PDNV)27,37,38. In children, prior to puberty, female gender does not increase the risk of PONV29,30,39. There is very limited literature regarding the risk of POV/PONV in children exposed to secondhand smoke. In children, both a prior history of PONV or postoperative vomiting (POV) and a history of PONV or POV in a parent or sibling increase their risk of POV/PONV31. Chandrakantan et al. and Kocaturk et al.40,41 found that when PONV persisted into the postdischarge period, pain was often a contributing factor. Turgut et al.42 also reported that PONV was more common in disabled patients younger than 18 years. Younger children were at lower risk of PONV29,43–45, while others have found no effect of age on PONV in children46.
Table 1. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) risk factors in adults related to patient, anesthesia, and surgery.
Category | Risk factors in adults |
---|
Patient related | Female gender History of PONV Motion sickness Non-smoking status Age <50 years |
Anesthesia related | Anesthesia technique (general anesthesia results in higher incidence of PONV than does regional anesthesia) Prolonged duration of anesthesia Volatile agents Nitrous oxide (>50%) Intraoperative and postoperative opioid analgesics Increased doses of neostigmine (>3 mg) |
Surgery related | Extended surgical procedures Surgery categories (e.g. neurosurgery, laparoscopic surgery, cholecystectomy, intra-abdominal surgery, and gynecological surgery) |
Table 2. Patient-, anesthesia-, and surgery-related risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in children.
Category | Risk in children (Eberhart classification)29
|
---|
Patient related | History of postoperative vomiting (POV) or PONV in relatives Age >3 years: it is rare in children <3 years old, increases with age over 3, and decreases again with puberty29 |
Surgery related | Type of surgery: strabismus30 Duration of surgery >30 minutes |
Table 3. Simplified risk-score8.
A | PONV in adults8 | Points | |
Female gender | 1 | (A) When 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 of the depicted independent predictors are present, the corresponding risk of PONV is approximately 10, 20, 40, 60, or 80%, respectively |
Non-smoker | 1 |
History of PONV | 1 |
Postoperative opioids | 1 |
| Maximum score | 4 |
B | POV in children | | |
Surgery >30 minutes | 1 | (B) When 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 of the depicted independent predictors are present, the corresponding risk of PONV is approximately 10, 10, 30, 50, or 70%, respectively |
Age >3 years | 1 |
Strabismus surgery | 1 |
History of POV or PONV in relatives | 1 |
| Maximum score | 4 |
C | PDNV in adults | | |
Female gender | 1 | (C) When 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 risk factors are present, the corresponding risk for PDNV is approximately 10, 20, 30, 50, 60, and 80%, respectively |
History of PONV | 1 |
Age <50 years | 1 |
Use of opioids in the PACU | 1 |
Nausea in the PACU | 1 |
| Maximum score | 5 |
D |
PDV in children32,33 | | |
Strabismus, tonsillectomy, and dental surgery | 1 | (D) PDNV incidence of 11–14% in outpatient pediatric patients
Long-acting opioids in operating room as well as during postdischarge had the highest incidence of PDNV at 36% |
Intraoperative or postdischarge opioids | 1 |
Long-acting intraoperative opioids | 1 |
Pain | 1 |
Presence of nausea on discharge | 1 |
Maximum score | 5 |
Anesthesia-related risk factors (Table 1–Table 3) include the use of opioids, volatile agents, nitrous oxide (which increases the risk for postoperative vomiting), and high doses of neostigmine for the reversal of residual neuromuscular blockade32,38,47–51. General anesthesia is associated with a higher incidence of PONV compared with regional anesthesia35,52,53 secondary to the greater requirement for opioid medication to control postoperative pain after general anesthesia in both adults and children35,54. The performance of peripheral nerve blocks55–58, ganglion block59, and wound infiltration with local anesthetic60 has been shown to decrease the incidence of PONV. Surgery-related predictors include prolonged surgical procedures, with each 30 minutes increasing the risk of PONV by 60%36. Certain types of surgery (e.g. ophthalmic, oral, and maxillofacial surgeries, ENT surgery, neurosurgery, laparoscopy, abdominal surgeries, cholecystectomy, and gynecological surgery) have a higher incidence of PONV perhaps because of the longer exposure to general anesthesia and use of larger doses of opioid medications. In open abdominal or intra-abdominal laparoscopic surgery, post-operative ileus can occur because of gut ischemia releasing 5-HT8,38. Opioid use is related to a number of perioperative side effects, one of which is PONV, and they can hinder hospital discharge and return to normal activities of daily life after surgery61,62. Li et al. demonstrated that non-smoking female patients who exhibited a fentanyl-induced cough at anesthesia induction also had a higher likelihood of developing PONV63. In a retrospective observational study, Hozumi and colleagues found a dose-dependent relationship between the dosage of remifentanil administered during surgery and an increased risk of developing PONV64. Strategies to minimize the use of opioids should be considered for all patients at moderate and high risk of developing PONV. Although the notion is still controversial, some studies have suggested that the risk of PONV is higher with some opioids (e.g. morphine) than others (e.g. hydromorphone)65. Palumbo et al.66 found that compared to remifentanil, fentanyl was associated with a higher incidence of PONV after inguinal hernia repair. Tao et al.67 reported that the incidence of PONV in gynecological patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery was lower when using intraoperative and postoperative intravenous (IV) oxycodone compared to IV sufentanil. However, Han et al.68 did not find a difference in the incidence of PONV when IV oxycodone was compared to IV sufentanil in the PACU, but on the post-surgical wards a higher incidence of PONV was found in patients receiving sufentanil69. The use of long-acting opioid analgesic techniques like intrathecal morphine or modified-release oral opioids not only prolongs the duration of analgesia but also can extend the duration of PONV70–72. In one study, naloxone was added to intrathecal morphine and significantly decreased the severity of postoperative nausea and pruritus after cesarean section73.
The use of propofol for anesthesia (or sedation) is associated with a 3.5-fold reduction in the incidence of PONV in adults and 5.7-fold reduction in children74. Bhakta et al.75 suggested that propofol-based anesthesia (e.g. total IV anesthesia [TIVA]) was associated with significantly less POV and faster recovery compared to standard “balanced” anesthesia in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopy. Etomidate has been shown to produce an increase of PONV compared to propofol in elderly patients undergoing gastroscopy and ambulatory surgery76–80. Ketamine has morphine-sparing effects in lower subanesthetic dosages81; however, its psychosomatic effects with high dosages during dissociative anesthesia (and sedation) have led to emergence agitation and PONV82. Pan et al.83 found that ketamine (0.5–1.0 mg/kg intra-articular or 0.01–0.15 mg/kg IV) did not increase PONV in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. Perioperative intravenous ketamine minimally reduced the risk of PONV (high‐quality evidence)84. Moro et al.85 compared saline to ketamine 0.2–0.4 mg/kg in patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and found that the incidence of PONV did not differ. Controversial findings have suggested that ketamine and etomidate did not increase PONV at doses commonly administered for induction of anesthesia86 and that low-dose ketamine may actually reduce PONV by decreasing postoperative opioid requirements87,88.
A history of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) may increase the risk of PONV after surgery (OR 3.15)89. Psychological factors such as acute anxiety sensitivity (i.e. a fear of behaviors or sensations associated with the experience of anxiety)90 should be added to PONV risk-scores, and prophylaxis should be considered when patients show evidence of high anxiety sensitivity. Odom et al.91 found that the psychometric properties of the Ambulatory Surgery Index of Nausea, Vomiting, and Retching (AS-INVR) provided a reliable and valid measure of the amount of distress and nausea and vomiting. Ethnicity and genetic polymorphisms92–98 could be useful in improving the predictability of PONV, which would help to improve both the prevention and the treatment of PONV. For example, CYP2D6 seems to be related to a higher incidence of PONV, especially in the first 24 hours after surgery. The ABCB1 transporter could reduce PONV owing to its association with the effectiveness of ondansetron in antiemetic prophylaxis. With regard to ethnicity, the incidence of PONV is known to be higher in non-Africans than in Africans undergoing the same surgical procedures with the same anesthetic drugs92–98. Interestingly, the platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), and MPV/PLT ratio were used to predict POV in children99. The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was also used to predict PONV: when the NLR was greater than 2 in patients undergoing ambulatory maxillofacial surgery, they experienced a statistically higher incidence of PONV compared to an NLR of less than 2100.
Risk-scoring systems for PONV and PDNV
Antiemetics produce major side effects ranging from mild headache to severe arrhythmia due to QTc prolongation. Therefore, it is essential to calculate the risk of developing PONV and PDNV in each patient to reduce excessive use of antiemetics for prophylaxis101,102. Apfel et al.103 developed a simplified risk-scoring system for PONV in adults; the primary predictors consist of female gender, history of PONV or motion sickness, non-smoking status, and postoperative opioid use (Table 1). The PONV risk increases by 10, 21, 39, 69, and 79% when 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 factors are present, respectively. The use of Apfel's risk-scoring system is more sensitive and specific compared to predicting PONV based on history of PONV or type of surgery alone103,104.
However, the adult risk-scores are not directly applicable to children30. The Eberhart classification scoring system is commonly used for children and includes the following risk factors29: age >3 years, duration of surgery >30 minutes, strabismus surgery, and history of POV or a close relative with POV/PONV. The risk of POV for children undergoing strabismus surgery with 0 to 1, 2, 3, or 4 of these risk factors was 10, 30, 50, and 70%, respectively. This scoring system has also been validated for children having surgery other than for strabismus, and POV was observed in 3, 11, 30, and 40% of children who had 0, 1, 2, or 3 risk factors, respectively31. A study by White et al.27 reported that an Apfel risk-score of 3 or 4 (versus a score of 1–2) is associated with a higher incidence of emesis in the first 24 hours after surgery irrespective of administration of multiple antiemetics as prophylaxis.
The prevention of PONV should be tailored to the patient’s risk-score to avoid side effects and unnecessary costs related to administering multiple antiemetic drugs irrespective of their risk105–107. The prevention of PDNV is still a problem in the ever-increasing group of outpatients having more complicated ambulatory and office-based surgical procedures108,109. In a multi-center study, 37% of 2,170 adult ambulatory surgery patients administered general anesthesia exhibited PDNV110. Since these patients often do not have ready access to “rescue” antiemetic drug therapies after their discharge home, the use of simple nonpharmacologic antiemetic devices (e.g. acupressure) represents a low-risk and cost-effective alternative108,109. White et al.111 used the Pressure Right acupressure device in combination with antiemetic drugs to significantly reduce the incidence of vomiting from 0–72 hours after surgery with an associated improvement in patient satisfaction with their PONV management. Coloma et al.112 reported that the use of acustimulation with the ReliefBand can be used as an alternative to ondansetron for the treatment of established PONV. However, the use of ondansetron (4 mg IV) in combination with the ReliefBand device improved the overall response rate compared to acustimulation alone. Similar results were reported by White and colleagues113. Odom-Forren et al. found that pain and postdischarge opioid use seem to be factors in late PDNV114. The main difference between risk factors for PONV and PDNV was that patients who experienced nausea in the PACU had a threefold greater risk for developing PDNV115. Interestingly, non-smoking status was not an independent predictor for PDNV. When 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 risk factors are present, the corresponding risk for PDNV is approximately 10, 20, 30, 50, 60, and 80%, respectively110.
Perioperative antiemetic drugs used for the treatment and/or prevention of PONV
The concern with widespread prescribing of anti-vomiting drugs is primarily related to the increased costs associated with this practice, especially when expensive proprietary antiemetics are prescribed. In addition, side effects and adverse drug interactions associated with the routine use of prophylactic antiemetics is another concern (e.g. extrapyramidal effects, sedation, arrhythmias, orthostatic hypotension)116–118. The side effects related to the routine use of prophylactic antiemetic drugs (e.g. restlessness, dry mouth, drowsiness, headache, tachycardia, hypotension, and fatigue) can also prolong the length of stay in the surgical facility and the time to restart routine activities of daily living119–121.
Antiemetic drug classes
The currently available antiemetic drugs for the treatment and prevention of PONV include the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT3) receptor antagonists, neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonists, corticosteroids, butyrophenones, metoclopramide, phenothiazine, prochlorperazine, antihistamines, and anticholinergics (Table 4). Conventional prophylactic dosages and suggested timings for the administration of antiemetics are listed in Table 5. Apfel et al. reported that droperidol, dexamethasone, and ondansetron all carry similar antiemetic efficacy when given for prophylaxis122.
Table 4. Receptor site affinity of available antiemetic drugs.
Drug group | Dopamine (D2) | Muscarinic cholinergic | Histamine (H2) | Serotonin (5-HT3) | NK-1 antagonist | CB-1 modulator | MOR antagonist | Gaba mimetic |
---|
Antiserotonin
| | | | | | | | |
Ondansetron | - | - | - | ++++ | - | - | - | - |
Granisetron | - | - | - | ++++ | - | - | - | - |
Tropisetron | - | - | - | ++++ | - | - | - | - |
Palonosetron | - | - | - | ++++ | - | - | - | - |
Phenothiazines
| | | | | | | | |
Fluphenazine | ++++ | + | ++ | - | - | - | - | - |
Chlorpromazine | ++++ | ++ | ++++ | + | - | - | - | - |
Butyrophenones
| | | | | | | | |
Droperidol | ++++ | - | + | + | - | - | - | - |
Haloperidol | ++++ | - | + | - | - | - | - | - |
Domperidone | ++++ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Antihistamines
| | | | | | | | |
Diphenhydramine | + | ++ | ++++ | - | - | - | - | - |
Promethazine | ++ | ++ | ++++ | - | - | - | - | - |
Anticholinergics
| | | | | | | | |
Scopolamine | + | ++++ | + | - | - | - | - | - |
Benzamides
| | | | | | | | |
Metoclopramide | +++ | - | + | ++ | - | - | - | - |
Tricyclic antidepressants
| | | | | | | | |
Amitriptyline | +++ | +++ | ++++ | - | - | - | - | - |
Nortriptyline | +++ | ++ | +++ | - | - | - | - | - |
Neurokinin-1
| | | | | | | | |
Aprepitant | - | - | - | - | ++++ | - | - | - |
Fosaprepitant | - | - | - | - | ++++ | - | - | - |
Others
| | | | | | | | |
Dronabinol | - | - | - | - | - | ++++ | - | - |
Nabilone | - | - | - | - | - | +++ | - | - |
Naloxone | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++++ | |
Lorazepam | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | +++ |
Table 5. Prophylactic doses and timing for the administration of antiemetic drugs.
Drug group | Drugs | Dose | Timing | Adverse effect |
---|
Serotonin (5-HT3 receptor) antagonists | Ondansetron | 4–8 mg intravenously (IV) every 4–8 hours | End of surgery | Headaches, constipation, flushing, fatigue, malaise, raised liver enzymes |
Granisetron | 1–2 mg IV |
Ramosetron | 0.3 mg IV 0.1 mg PO |
Palonosetron | 0.075–0.25 mg IV |
Corticosteroids | Dexamethasone | 4–10 mg IV | After induction of anesthesia | Elevated blood glucose level, diabetes mellitus, hypotension/hypertension |
Butyrophenone | Droperidol | 0.625–1.25 mg IV | After induction of anesthesia | Psychomimetic effects, extrapyramidal side effects, Parkinson’s disease, sedation, lightheadedness, prolonged QT interval |
Neurokinin antagonists (NK-1 receptors) | Aprepitant | 40 mg orally | 1–2 hours prior to induction | Headaches, constipation, fatigue |
Fosaprepitant | 150 mg IV | After induction of anesthesia |
Anticholinergics | Scopolamine | Transdermal patch 0.3–0.6 every 24 hours | Evening prior to surgery or in preoperative period | Dizziness, dry mouth, visual disturbances, tachycardia, confusion, urinary retention |
Dopamine antagonists | Metoclopramide | 10–25 mg IV | 15–30 minutes prior to end of surgery | Sedation, hypotension (fast injection), headache, extrapyramidal symptoms |
Amisulpride IV | 5–10 mg IV | At induction of anesthesia |
5-HT3 receptor antagonists. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are recommended as the first-line regimen for PONV prophylaxis. Ondansetron IV is commonly administered near the end of surgery. Multiple trials have reported that ondansetron 4 mg IV (usually administered before the end of surgery) was effective to prevent and treat PONV, facilitating both early and late recovery and improving patient satisfaction after different types of surgery (e.g. outpatient laparoscopy123, laparoscopic surgery124–126, major surgical procedures in women127, and cesarean section128). When ondansetron was administered at 8 mg, a reduction in postpartum headache up to 4 days was observed; it also reduced PONV as it did with 4 mg128. Koyuncu et al.129 found that ondansetron 8 mg decreased the analgesic effect of acetaminophen 1 g (then 1 g every 6 hours for 24 hours) during the initial postoperative period after hysterectomy. Granisetron, a more selective 5-HT3 antagonist, has been suggested to provide more sustained antiemesis as a prophylactic124. White et al. showed that granisetron (1 mg orally) was just as effective as ondansetron (4 mg IV) for lowering the occurrence of PONV after laparoscopic procedures124. Granisetron has been reported to be effective alone or in combination to treat PONV in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery130–132. Ramosetron has higher affinity to the 5-HT3 receptor and longer duration of antiemetic action, resulting in a similar or greater prophylactic antiemetic effect than the older 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g. granisetron and ondansetron) and has also been reported to provide a better prophylactic and antiemetic efficacy in patients at moderate to high risk96,134–143.
Palonosetron is a second-generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with proposed higher efficacy and more prolonged duration of action when used for antiemetic prophylaxis144. Palonosetron was found to be more efficient than ondansetron or ramosetron for antiemetic prophylaxis in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery145–147. However, Kim et al.148 failed to find a difference between palonosetron and ramosetron in patients undergoing any type of elective surgery involving general or regional anesthesia.
Glucocorticoid steroids. Dexamethasone, a corticosteroid, has been shown to be an effective antiemetic when administered at a dosage of 4–12 mg IV149–151. However, Ormel et al.152 found that dexamethasone 4–5 mg was equally as effective as 8–10 mg in terms of antiemetic efficacy. Dexamethasone antiemetic efficacy alone or in combination has been reported in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy153–164, other abdominal laparoscopic procedures150, breast cancer surgery165, large and small bowel surgery166, total knee arthroplasty167, joint replacement surgery168, gynecological laparoscopic procedures169,170, cesarean delivery171, scoliosis correction surgery172, vitrectomy under local anesthesia173, and upper extremity surgery174 as well as in endoscopic adenoidectomy175 and strabismus correction surgery176 in children. Interestingly, there are reports that dexamethasone did not reduce PONV in patients undergoing surgery for facial fracture177, laparoscopic surgery for suspected appendicitis178, and microvascular decompression surgery of the trigeminal nerve root179. Singh et al.180 concluded that dexamethasone has equal antiemetic efficacy compared to 5-HT3 receptor antagonists up to 24 hours after surgery. Concerns remain regarding potential complications (e.g. delayed wound healing, hyperglycemia, and risk of infections) in “at-risk” patient populations (e.g. diabetics)122,181.
Betamethasone has also been shown to be an effective antiemetic. Aasboe et al.182 compared betamethasone 12 mg intramuscularly (IM) to saline when administered 30 minutes before the start of surgery and reported that betamethasone reduced both postoperative pain and nausea in outpatients undergoing ambulatory foot (hallux valgus) surgery or hemorrhoid procedures. Comparable results were attained in patients undergoing ambulatory surgery183 and elective breast surgery184 and in high-risk cardiac surgical patients185. However, in a placebo-controlled study by Nordin et al.186 comparing betamethasone 8 mg per os (PO) and betamethasone 8 mg IV when administered 1 hour before induction of anesthesia in patients undergoing elective Roux-y-gastric bypass, betamethasone was of limited benefit in preventing PONV.
NK-1 receptor antagonists
. NK-1 receptor antagonists with long elimination half-life values are effective for the prophylaxis and treatment of PONV187. Gesztesi et al.188 found that the NK-1 receptor antagonist CP-122,721 (200 mg PO) decreased emetic episodes compared with ondansetron (4 mg IV) during the first 24 hours after gynecologic surgery. The NK-1 receptor antagonist aprepitant appears to be more effective in decreasing PONV as compared with ondansetron189,190. Aprepitant alone or in combination was associated with a low overall incidence of PONV191,192 in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery193, craniotomy194, mastectomy and thyroidectomy195, and elective surgery196 and in pediatric patients197. Because of its high cost, aprepitant should be used only in patients at high risk of developing PONV and in those who could experience serious adverse outcomes due to PONV as well as in patients who may have side effects from less-expensive antiemetic drugs191,192.
Fosaprepitant 150 mg IV, a water-soluble lipid formulation of the NK-1 receptor antagonist, was compared to IV ondansetron 4 mg when administered before induction of anesthesia in patients with a moderate-to-high risk of PONV (Apfel simplified score ≥2) undergoing general anesthesia197, obtaining a greater decrease in the incidence of vomiting during the first 48 hours after surgery. Similar results were reported in patients undergoing craniotomy198 and gynecologic abdominal surgery with patient-controlled epidural analgesia199.
Butyrophenone. Droperidol, which acts on central dopamine receptors, is a highly cost-effective antiemetic treatment, regardless of the risk of extrapyramidal side effects and the potential for prolonging the electrocardiographic QT interval200. Multiple well-controlled, randomized, comparative clinical trials have validated droperidol to be as safe and effective as the more costly 5-HT3 and NK-1 antagonists201,202. There is minimal to no clinical significance in the degree of QT-interval prolongation correlating to antiemetic doses of the drug203. The risk of QTc prolongation was actually decreased by administrating a combination of droperidol and a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist204. The combination of dexamethasone, ondansetron, and droperidol is highly efficacious in preventing PONV in adults. Clinical studies have stated the efficacy of droperidol in reducing PONV in different surgical procedures such as tonsillectomy in children205 and ambulatory surgery206. Nevertheless, Bourdaud et al.207 compared the efficacy of a combination of ondansetron (100 µg/kg, IV), dexamethasone (125 µg/kg, IV), and droperidol (50 µg/kg, IV) in pediatric patients at high risk of POV and concluded that adding droperidol to a prophylactic combination of ondansetron and dexamethasone did not decrease the incidence of POV below that obtained with the two drugs alone, though the addition of droperidol increased the risk of drowsiness. Singh et al.208 reported that haloperidol was equivalent to the popular 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in preventing vomiting on the first day after surgery. The incidence of QTc prolongation with haloperidol is statistically equivalent to the 5-HT3 antagonists. Brettner et al.209 found gender-specific differences in the incidence of PONV (female > males) in the PACU after low-dose haloperidol (0.5 mg IV).
Dopamine antagonists and gastrokinetic drugs. Metoclopramide is one of the most utilized antiemetics for treating PONV when 5-HT3 antagonists, dexamethasone, and/or droperidol prophylaxis is unsuccessful. A systematic review reported that in patients undergoing cesarean delivery under neuraxial anesthesia, the use of metoclopramide 10 mg IV was effective and safe for the prevention of early PONV210. Amisulpride has been found to be effective in treating PONV after failed prophylaxis211 in treating patients at low-to-moderate risk of PONV who received no prior PONV prophylaxis212, patients at moderate-to-high risk213, or patients at high risk of PONV who developed emetic symptoms after prophylaxis with ondansetron or dexamethasone214.
Anticholinergics. Scopolamine is a centrally active anticholinergic drug and can be as efficacious as droperidol (1.25 mg) or ondansetron (4 mg) in reducing PONV in the early and late postoperative periods. Nonetheless, there are concerns about using it routinely for antiemetic prophylaxis because of its slow onset of action and adverse effects (e.g. dry mouth, drowsiness, and visual disturbances)215. Despite this, scopolamine remains a suitable and cost-effective substitute to ondansetron in multimodal treatment prophylaxis in patients with motion-induced emesis and high-risk patients undergoing major operation215. Apfel et al.216 reported that transdermal scopolamine (TDS) was associated with significant reductions in PONV during the first 24 hours after anesthesia. TDS was also associated with a higher prevalence of visual disturbances at 24–48 hours after surgery. Pergolizzi et al.217 concluded that TDS significantly reduces PONV/PDNV in many different types of surgical patients, and it is recommended in guidelines as a first-line or second-line prophylactic antiemetic. Kassel et al.218 concluded that scopolamine should be reconsidered as a routine agent for PONV prevention in the general surgical population but should be avoided in both pediatric and elderly surgical populations.
Drugs with opioid-sparing effects contributing to antiemetic activity. Neuromodulator drugs such as tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin, olanzapine, mirtazapine, benzodiazepines, clonidine, and cannabinoids have been reported to be effective in preventing nausea and vomiting as a result of their opioid-sparing effects219. Dexmedetomidine has demonstrated opioid-sparing effects in elderly patients undergoing epiduroscopy220, in patients with a high risk of PONV following gynecological laparoscopic surgery221, and in patients undergoing other types of surgical procedures222. However, dexmedetomidine has produced side effects (e.g. bradycardia and hypotension). Gabapentin has been reported to produce anti-nauseant effects in various clinical settings owing to opioid-sparing effects223–228. However, White et al. found that preoperative pregabalin failed to decrease either PONV or postoperative pain after major gynecologic surgery229. The administration of dimenhydrinate is limited because of its adverse events profile (e.g. dizziness, sedation, and dry mouth, throat, and nose). Kizilcik et al.230 found that the dexamethasone-dimenhydrinate combination was effective for PONV prophylaxis. Mirtazapine, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist capable of blocking adrenergic receptors, has been shown to be effective for PONV prophylaxis and to decrease nausea and vomiting in patients after a variety of surgical procedures231,232. Midazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine, has been reported to reduce the incidence of PONV and provide an anxiolytic effect in patients undergoing cholecystectomy, appendectomy, gynecological surgery, middle ear surgery, thyroidectomy, and intragastric balloon placement233–241. Antipsychotic therapies including olanzapine, aripiprazole, and risperidone have been reported to reduce the need for antiemetic medication in the PACU242. Kang et al.243 reported that the combination of palonosetron 0.075 mg and the muscle relaxant reversal drug sugammadex 2 mg/kg reduced the incidence of PONV in patients undergoing microvascular decompression. Acetaminophen preoperatively has been associated with a reduced incidence of PONV in children undergoing strabismus surgery244. However, Roberts et al.245 found that children who received IV acetaminophen were more likely to experience PONV. Nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, has proven clinical utility in chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting and PONV. However, oral nabilone 0.5 mg (versus placebo) in patients with preoperative risk of PONV greater than 60%246 was reported to be ineffective when given prior to surgery. The addition of nalbuphine (0.5 mg) reduced the incidence and severity of PONV and pruritus after cesarean delivery247. Perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion (1–5 mg/kg/hour or 2–4 mg/kg/hour) has been reported to reduce PONV, pain scores, perioperative opioid consumption, and duration of hospital stay and accelerate the restoration of bowel function248–257. However, Dewinter et al.258 failed to confirm these findings, concluding that systemic lidocaine had no analgesic effect when added to an opioid-based anesthetic regimen for arthrodesis procedures. Clonidine is an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist which has been used both orally and via neuraxial administration as an adjuvant for the treatment of pain and PONV in a wide variety of surgical procedures (e.g. breast, thyroid, and lower abdominal surgery and laparoscopic cholecystectomy in adults and strabismus surgery in children). Clonidine has been shown to improve pain, reduce morphine consumption, decrease PONV, reduce postoperative shivering, and improve hemodynamic and sympathetic stability259–264. However, there are also published studies which have contradicted these findings72,265–268. Some also reported higher Ramsay sedation scores with clonidine266.
Adequate IV fluid hydration is an effective strategy for decreasing the baseline risk for PONV. It has been suggested that early rehydration in surgical patients with prolonged fasting decreases PONV269. Studies have reported that the administration of perioperative IV colloid270, perioperative IV crystalloid271,272, and Ringer's lactate (30 mL/kg/hour)273 and early postoperative oral fluid intake274 were associated with a lower incidence of PONV. It has also been suggested that the administration of a perioperative infusion of dextrose reduces PONV275. Nevertheless, two meta-analyses276,277 reported that perioperative IV dextrose did not reduce the risk for PONV but was effective in reducing the need for antiemetic rescue medications after general anesthesia.
Ginger root is an herbal compound which contains gingerol (Ginjervel) and shogaol (Chagall), which reduce stomach contractions and increase the activity of the gastrointestinal tract and motility due to anticholinergic and antiserotonergic actions, increasing gastric emptying278–280. Ginger possesses antiserotonergic activity and has free radical scavenging effects on free radicals that induce vomiting281,282. Ginger is safe and well tolerated, which appears to be useful in both pregnancy283–285 and chemotherapy-induced PONV286, reducing the need for antiemetic rescue medications287–297. Ginger has also reduced PONV in patients undergoing cholecystectomy287–289, nephrectomy282,291, gynecologic/obstetric surgery293–295, ambulatory surgery292, cataract surgery298, and thyroidectomy299. However, there are also several studies that have reported contradictory results300–302. Alcohol pads containing isopropyl alcohol, when applied under the nose, are a highly cost-effective treatment for transient PONV in adults and children303–307.
Aromatherapy such as essential oils (i.e. spearmint, peppermint, ginger, lavender, and blended orange and peppermint) has also been demonstrated to provide benefits in reducing PONV and PDNV when added to a standard antiemetic treatment regimen296,308–313. However, there are other authors who have not found any evidence that aromatherapy decreases PONV314–318.
Nonpharmacologic therapies for PONV and PDNV
A wide variety of nonpharmacologic techniques have been used to control emetic symptoms in the postoperative period alone or in combination, including acupressure319,320, acupuncture321,322, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)113,323–325. TENS combined with a wristband pressing on Neiguan P-6 acupoint was effective in preventing PONV after laparoscopic cholecystectomy326. White et al. reported that TENS and ondansetron was effective in PONV prophylaxis113. These results were later confirmed when acustimulation was shown to possess analgesic effects327. The adjunct use of the Pressure Right acupressure device was shown to improve the emetic potency of commonly used drugs for antiemetic prophylaxis (e.g. ondansetron, droperidol, and dexamethasone) after major laparoscopic surgery115. Lee et al. described the use of P-6 acupoint stimulation for PONV as superior to non-acupoint or sham treatments in reducing PONV and need for rescue antiemetic treatment in the postoperative period328. Acupuncture at ear acupoint alone or in combination with stimulation at the wrist (P-6 acupoint) has been found to be an effective treatment to reduce PONV329–331. Similar results with dry cupping at the P-6 acupoint332 and preoperative electro-acupuncture333 were found. The Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia guidelines38 mentioned that stimulation of the P-6 acupoint is an effective complementary method to reduce PONV. Other studies support the beneficial effect of P-6 acupoint stimulation in reducing PONV and the need for rescue antiemetics112,334–337. Acupoints such as Laogong (PC8), Waiguan (SJ5), Zusanli (ST36), Hegu (LI4), and Quchi (LI11) can be used for reducing PONV as well338–349. In the pediatric population, acupuncture, electroacupuncture, and laser acupuncture at the P-6 acupoint have all been used to prevent POV after tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy, hernia repair, circumcision, orchidopexy, chemotherapy, and strabismus procedures321,350–362. However, there are other studies that used these modalities in both adults and children with negative results363–366. Chewing gum was also associated with a lower incidence of postoperative ileus and PONV367–370; however, Ge et al.371 found no difference.
Music therapy has been alleged to decrease patient anxiety, pain, and emesis, hospital length of stay, and fatigue after surgeries such as hernia repair, coronary angiography, valve replacement, cardiac surgery, breast surgery, elective cesarean section, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, knee arthroplasty, hand surgery, cystoscopy, hysterectomy, gynecological surgery, varicose vein surgery, general abdominal surgery, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and urological procedures336,372–389. However, other studies showed that music therapy did not significantly reduce PONV390,391. Other alternative modalities such as foot massage were reported to decrease pain and incidence of nausea and improve blood circulation in patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy392. Frozen ice pops reduced PONV in patients at high risk of PONV who were undergoing major joint replacement surgery393. Another important therapeutic goal for PONV prophylaxis is to avoid surgical oxygen desaturation and maintain muscular tissue oxygen saturation at >70% of the baseline values394 and a normal cerebral oxygen saturation395. These nonpharmacologic alternative therapies can produce additive effects to standard antiemetic drugs without increasing side effects or producing adverse drug interactions.
Preventing PONV and PDNV through multimodal prophylaxis
PONV has multiple factors contributing to its etiology, leading to an increased awareness in the use of combined therapies that incorporate more than two strategies depending on the overall risk for any given patient396. Multimodal interventions not only reduce PONV but also, more importantly, enhance patient comfort after surgery58. There is no evidence to date to suggest that any one specific antiemetic therapy is especially effective for a particular patient profile or operation. Therefore, a combination of antiemetic drug therapies that act at different neuroreceptor sites has been recommended for at-risk patients397. Some clinicians used a simple method involving the administration of one antiemetic medication for each of the Apfel PONV risk factors. It is commonly accepted that increasing the number of administered antiemetics from one to three improves PONV prophylactic benefit for higher risk patients122. Clinical research has shown combining prophylactic antiemetic drugs can lower the rate of PONV and PDNV occurrence as well as improve the patient’s satisfaction with and assist in their recovery in comparison to using a single antiemetic drug9,398. Implementation of PONV guidelines and the assessment of the risk of PONV using the Apfel scoring system reduced the incidence of PONV in patients undergoing ambulatory breast surgery and improved anesthesia providers' compliance with a preoperative PONV risk assessment61,399–402. A combination therapy with antiemetic drugs acting at separate receptor sites should be provided to patients with moderate-to-high risk for PONV396. A multimodal approach provides a considerable decrease in the incidence of PONV to less than 10% along with an increase in patient satisfaction and reduced side effects203,403.
Bruderer et al.404 proposed a standardized PONV prophylaxis for ambulatory surgery based on patients’ Apfel risk-score (0–4): ondansetron (Apfel risk-score 2), additional dexamethasone (Apfel risk-score 3), and additional droperidol (Apfel risk-score 4). These investigators achieved low rates of PONV in ~90% of their patients, and PDNV was not a problem on the first day after surgery. In fact, pain after discharge was a much more common problem. Bergese et al.405 found that triple therapy with scopolamine, ondansetron, and dexamethasone was an effective regime to prevent PONV in moderate- to high-risk patients undergoing craniotomy procedures. Dexamethasone and a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist combination has superior efficacy and thus it is recommended as the "ideal" choice for routine PONV prophylaxis406. However, a study including same-day surgery patients with varying PONV risk factors revealed that adding ondansetron to a combination of low-dose droperidol and dexamethasone failed to increase antiemetic efficacy407,408. No difference was observed when comparing efficacy among combinations of 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with dexamethasone, 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with droperidol, or dexamethasone with droperidol409. Interestingly, there was no reduction in PONV in the combinations containing metoclopramide compared to monotherapy alone410.
As most patients undergoing surgery have one or two risk factors and 20–40% of these patients are expected to suffer from PONV if they do not receive a prophylactic antiemetic drug, combination antiemetic therapies have become increasingly vital in preventing PONV. Ideally, prophylaxis for PDNV would continue much further than the point of discharge from hospital or free-standing surgical care facility108,109. Recent research focused on different antiemetic drugs administered at various time points after surgery has evaluated the effects on reducing PDNV. For example, a study demonstrated that patients who received the combination of ondansetron (4 mg IV) and an oral disintegrating tablet of ondansetron (8 mg) immediately before discharge had less severe nausea and fewer vomiting episodes compared to IV ondansetron alone after discharge (3% versus 23%)411. In a multi-center study, intraoperative dexamethasone did not appear to reduce PONV in the PACU but significantly reduced PDNV110. Dewinter et al.412 tested the effectiveness of a simplified algorithm for PONV prophylaxis with female patients receiving triple IV prophylaxis (dexamethasone and ondansetron plus either a target-controlled infusion with propofol or droperidol) and male patients received double prophylaxis with dexamethasone IV and ondansetron IV. This simplified algorithm for PONV prophylaxis resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of PONV and better compliance with the PONV algorithm (46% versus 18%, P = 0.0001). Kumar et al.413 compared a single dose of palonosetron 0.075 mg IV plus dexamethasone 4 mg IV to ondansetron 8 mg IV plus dexamethasone 4 mg IV (with ondansetron 4 mg administered every 8 hours IV for 48 hours) for PONV prophylaxis in post-chemotherapy ovarian cancer surgery patients receiving opioid-based patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Ryu414 found that palonosetron prophylaxis reduced the incidence and severity of PONV in high-risk patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty with a multimodal analgesia protocol consisting of spinal anesthesia, a continuous femoral nerve block, and fentanyl-based IV PCA. The increasing use of inexpensive, disposable acupressure devices (e.g. Relief Band, Pressure Right) should also be considered in patients at high risk for PDNV. In addition, these patients should be given instructions for appropriate “rescue” antiemetic treatment before they are discharged home. Recommendations for optimal antiemetic dosing when utilizing a combination “multimodal” therapy consisting of dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron are as follows: ondansetron 4 mg IV, 4–8 mg of IV dexamethasone, and 0.625–1.25 mg of IV droperidol415. Another study confirmed that low-dose granisetron (0.1 mg IV) in combination with dexamethasone (8 mg IV) is as effective as the combination of IV ondansetron (4 mg) and IV dexamethasone (8 mg)416. Therefore, antiemetic drugs are now commonly administered at both the start and the end of surgery to patients considered to be at high risk of developing PONV417. Adherence to validated PONV prophylaxis guidelines should be carefully evaluated before the patient is discharged from the PACU to guarantee that patients have received appropriate PONV prophylaxis during the perioperative period418.
Combined treatments for managing established PONV
Swift antiemetic management is mandated whenever PONV happens in patients who either did not obtain adequate prophylaxis or had ineffective prophylaxis. If PONV occurs in the immediate postoperative phase (within 6 hours postoperatively), despite antiemetic prophylaxis, an antiemetic belonging to a pharmacologic class other than that of the prophylactic drug regimen should be given. However, if the PONV occurs over 6 hours after surgery, it is suggested that a repeat dose of the original prophylactic is administered. If no prophylaxis was given, the recommended treatment is low-dose 5-HT3 antagonist (e.g. ondansetron 1–2 mg IV). Alternative treatments for active PONV include intravenous metoclopramide (10 mg), droperidol (0.625 mg), promethazine (6.25–12.5 mg), dolasetron (12.5 mg), granisetron (0.1 mg), palonosetron (0.075mg), or tropisetron (0.5 mg)419,420. Algorithms describing how to identify high-risk patients and how to guide the administration of multimodal treatments can significantly reduce the incidence of PONV and PDNV40,421–423. Yazbeck-Karam et al.424 investigated haloperidol versus ondansetron for the treatment of established PONV following general anesthesia and found that haloperidol (1 mg IV) was not inferior to ondansetron (4 mg IV) in the early treatment of established PONV. However, haloperidol was associated with an increased level of sedation423. Hu et al.425 combined a low dose of 2.5 μg/kg palonosetron with 15 μg/kg of droperidol and achieved a similar prophylactic effect as a higher 7.5 μg/kg dose of palonosetron compared to 7.5 μg/kg alone for treating emesis after eye surgery. For the treatment of existing PONV prior to discharge, a multimodal strategy should be considered because the recurrence rate of PONV over the subsequent 24 hours is 35–50%426. A combination of low-dose ondansetron plus dexamethasone and droperidol or haloperidol has been found to be superior to monotherapy alone for the treatment of PONV in the PACU427. Those interventions have proven to be effective for both prophylaxis for and treatment of PONV. Therneau et al.428 found that the addition of aprepitant 40 mg PO to a multimodal antiemetic prophylactic regimen (triple antiemetic prophylaxis with dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron) was associated with significant reduction of PONV during both the early recovery period and the first 48 hours postoperatively in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Trimas and Trimas429 concluded that a single dose of aprepitant 40 mg PO administered preoperatively can decrease the incidence of PONV in the early postoperative period after facial plastic surgery compared with ondansetron alone.
Summary of current recommendations for reducing the risk of PONV and PDNV
The management strategy for each individual patient should be based on the level of risk for PONV, the patient’s pre-existing condition, patient preference, and cost efficiency. Patients should be informed about the potential consequences of PONV and PDNV during the preoperative evaluation. In addition to using a combination of antiemetic drugs with different mechanisms of action, the multifactorial etiology of PONV would also be best addressed by adopting a multimodal approach to pain management and minimizing baseline risk factors associated with PONV and PDNV in high-risk patients (Table 3). Several effective strategies are recommended for reducing the baseline risk for PONV (Table 6): (1) routine use of local anesthesia and regional anesthesia (e.g. local infiltration and/or peripheral nerve blocks); (2) propofol induction and maintenance infusion during general anesthesia and monitored anesthesia care (MAC); (3) minimization of perioperative opioid analgesics; (4) minimization of concentrations of volatile anesthetics; (5) minimization of the use of nitrous oxide and reversal drugs; and (6) ensuring adequate perioperative hydration17,38,52,412,430. If general anesthesia is utilized, substituting a propofol infusion for maintenance of anesthesia in place of inhaled volatile anesthetics will reduce the risk of PONV. A combination of propofol and air/oxygen had additive effects, reducing the risk of early PONV by approximately 25%110. The non-opioid analgesic drugs (e.g. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs] like ketorolac or ketoprofen, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors [COX-2] like celecoxib or meloxicam, and acetaminophen [oral or intravenous]) should be part of a multimodal perioperative analgesic regimen33,431–435. Pain and PONV after breast cancer surgery were more effectively reduced with a multimodal regimen utilizing non-opioid analgesics and antiemetics compared to a one- or two-component regimen433. Similar results were found when using an opioid-free TIVA technique for bariatric surgery436. Adequate preoperative and intraoperative IV fluid hydration is also an effective strategy for decreasing the baseline risk for PONV38,269,270. Nitrous oxide had little impact when used for procedures lasting less than 1 hour437,438. Thus, nitrous oxide may be a good option for the short ambulatory procedures to facilitate a faster recovery from anesthesia. Although previous studies suggested that neostigmine produced dose-related increases in PONV51,439, a more recent study suggested that minimization of the neostigmine dosage failed to reduce the baseline risk of developing PONV440. Sugammadex rapidly reverses the neuromuscular blockade caused by steroid-based muscle relaxants; it is a feasible alternative to neostigmine, edrophonium, or pyridostigmine in “at-risk” patients administered non-depolarizing muscle relaxants intraoperatively441. Yağan et al.442 reported that reversal with sugammadex 2 mg/kg (compared to neostigmine 50 μg/kg plus atropine 0.2 mg/kg) was associated with a lower incidence of PONV in the first hour after surgery and required less rescue antiemetic therapy in the first 24 hours after breast, strabismus, and middle ear surgery. Tas Tuna et al.443 confirmed these results in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery. PONV prophylaxis is rarely warranted in low-risk patients. However, moderate-risk patients benefit from single or even often multiple antiemetic drug interventions. Use of two antiemetic interventions is recommended for adults and children at moderate risk, and three (“triple”) interventions should be administered to all high-risk patients38,426. The occurrences of PONV in patients who have received appropriate prophylactic antiemetic therapy should be treated aggressively using antiemetic drugs from a different pharmacologic class38,444. In patients who did not receive antiemetic prophylaxis, first consider using a generic serotonin antagonist. Do not repeat drugs used for prophylaxis until 6 hours have elapsed after completion of surgery. Do not repeat the use of transdermal scopolamine. If refractory symptoms persist, carefully evaluate for other causative factors such as excessive opioid use, draining blood into the gastrointestinal tract or nasopharynx, or gastrointestinal obstruction/ileus. Nonetheless, recognize that PONV/PDNV can still occur despite optimal prophylaxis in high-risk populations. Communication among the patient, anesthesiology team, surgical team, and perioperative nursing staff is essential for optimizing patient outcomes.
Table 6. Recommendations in relation to various risk factors of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) following surgical procedures.
Mild risk (none or 1 risk factor) | Moderate risk (2 risk factors) | High risk (≥3 risk factors) |
---|
No prophylaxis required or monotherapy with a cost- effective antiemetic drug if there is a risk of medical sequelae from PONV
| Choose a prophylactic combination of antiemetic medications
When general anesthesia is needed, decrease pre- existing risk factors by reducing volatile anesthetic usage, use of opioids for analgesia, nitrous oxide, and elevated doses of reversal medications
Use neuraxial anesthesia, peripheral nerve blocks, and infiltration of local anesthesia
Utilize adjuvant nonpharmacologic options (e.g. acupressure and stimulation by electric acupoint) | Start therapy with two or three prophylactic medications that act on different receptors
Minimize pre-existing risks by using opioid-reducing analgesia strategies
Reduce the use of opioids in the perioperative period
Reduce volatile anesthetic usage, use of opioids for analgesia, nitrous oxide, and elevated doses of reversal medications (e.g., naloxone, flumazenil, and neostigmine)
Use neuraxial anesthesia, peripheral nerve blocks, and infiltration of local anesthesia |
Treatment options If prophylaxis fails or was not received, use antiemetic from different classes to prophylactic agent Re-administer only if >6 hours after post-anesthesia care unit; do not re-administer dexamethasone or scopolamine |
Faculty Opinions recommendedReferences
- 1.
Singh P, Yoon SS, Kuo B:
Nausea: A review of pathophysiology and therapeutics.
Therap Adv Gastroenterol.
2016; 9(1): 98–112. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 2.
Balaban CD, Yates BJ:
What is nausea? A historical analysis of changing views.
Auton Neurosci.
2017; 202: 5–17. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 3.
Metz A, Hebbard G:
Nausea and vomiting in adults--a diagnostic approach.
Aust Fam Physician.
2007; 36(9): 688–92. PubMed Abstract
- 4.
American Gastroenterological Association:
American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: Nausea and vomiting.
Gastroenterology.
2001; 120(1): 261–3. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 5.
Öbrink E, Jildenstål P, Oddby E, et al.:
Post-operative nausea and vomiting: Update on predicting the probability and ways to minimize its occurrence, with focus on ambulatory surgery.
Int J Surg.
2015; 15: 100–6. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 6.
Veiga-Gil L, Pueyo J, López-Olaondo L:
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Physiopathology, Risk Factors, Prophylaxis and Treatment.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim.
2017; 64(4): 223–32. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 7.
Pierre S, Whelan R:
Nausea and vomiting after surgery.
Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain.
2013; 13(1): 28–32. Publisher Full Text
- 8.
Feinleib J, Kwan LH, Yamani A, et al.:
Postoperative nausea and vomiting. 2018. Reference Source
- 9.
Glass PSA, White PF:
Practice guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting: Past, present, and future.
Anesth Analg.
2007; 105(6): 1528–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 10.
Fero KE, Jalota L, Hornuss C:
Pharmacologic management of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Expert Opin Pharmacother.
2011; 12(15): 2283–96. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 11.
Kovac AL:
Update on the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Drugs.
2013; 73(14): 1525–47. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 12.
Cao X, White PF, Ma H:
An update on the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
J Anesth.
2017; 31(4): 617–26. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 13.
Apipan B, Rummasak D, Wongsirichat N:
Postoperative nausea and vomiting after general anesthesia for oral and maxillofacial surgery.
J Dent Anesth Pain Med.
2016; 16(4): 273–281. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 14.
Dzwonczyk R, Weaver TE, Puente EG, et al.:
Postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis from an economic point of view.
Am J Ther.
2012; 19(1): 11–5. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 15.
Bellville JW, Bross IDJ, Howland WS:
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting. IV. Factors Related to Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.
Anesthesiology.
1960; 21: 186–93. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 16.
Dinges HC, Otto S, Stay DK, et al.:
Side Effect Rates of Opioids in Equianalgesic Doses via Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.
Anesth Analg.
2019; 129(4): 1153–62. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 17.
Phillips C, Brookes CD, Rich J, et al.:
Postoperative nausea and vomiting following orthognathic surgery.
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg.
2015; 44(6): 745–51. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 18.
White PF, O'Hara JF, Roberson CR, et al.:
The impact of current antiemetic practices on patient outcomes: A prospective study on high-risk patients.
Anesth Analg.
2008; 107(2): 452–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 19.
López-Torres López J, Piedracoba Cadahía D, Alcántara Noalles MJ, et al.:
Perioperative Factors That Contribute to Postoperative Pain and/or Nausea and Vomiting in Ambulatory Laparoscopic Surgery.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim.
2019; 66(4): 189–98. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 20.
Kappen TH:
Risk-tailored prophylaxis for postoperative nausea and vomiting: Has the big little problem gotten any smaller?
Br J Anaesth.
2018; 120(1): 9–13.
PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 21.
de Souza DS, Costa AF, Chaves GV:
Predisposing factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting in gynecologic tumor patients.
Support Care Cancer.
2016; 24(11): 4661–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 22.
Albuquerque AFM, Queiroz SIM, Germano AR, et al.:
Factors associated to post-operative nausea and vomiting following oral and maxillofacial surgery: A prospective study.
Oral Maxillofac Surg.
2017; 21(1): 49–54. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 23.
Dobbeleir M, de Coster J, Coucke W, et al.:
Postoperative nausea and vomiting after oral and maxillofacial surgery: A prospective study.
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg.
2018; 47(6): 721–5. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 24.
Groene P, Eisenlohr J, Zeuzem C, et al.:
Postoperative nausea and vomiting in bariatric surgery in comparison to non-bariatric gastric surgery.
Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne.
2019; 14(1): 90–5. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 25.
Halliday TA, Sundqvist J, Hultin M, et al.:
Post-operative nausea and vomiting in bariatric surgery patients: An observational study.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.
2017; 61(5): 471–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 26.
Son J, Yoon H:
Factors Affecting Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Surgical Patients.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2018; 33(4): 461–70. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 27.
White PF, Sacan O, Nuangchamnong N, et al.:
The Relationship Between Patient Risk Factors and Early Versus Late Postoperative Emetic Symptoms.
Anesth Analg.
2008; 107(2): 459–63. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 28.
Watcha MF, White PF:
Postoperative nausea and vomiting. Its etiology, treatment, and prevention.
Anesthesiology.
1992; 77(1): 162–84. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 29.
Eberhart LHJ, Geldner G, Kranke P, et al.:
The Development and Validation of a Risk Score to Predict the Probability of Postoperative Vomiting in Pediatric Patients.
Anesth Analg.
2004; 99(6): 1630–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 30.
Eberhart LHJ, Morin AM, Guber D, et al.:
Applicability of risk scores for postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults to paediatric patients.
Br J Anaesth.
2004; 93(3): 386–92. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 31.
Kranke P, Eberhart LH, Toker H, et al.:
A Prospective Evaluation of the POVOC Score for the Prediction of Postoperative Vomiting in Children.
Anesth Analg.
2007; 105(6): 1592–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 32.
Efune PN, Minhajuddin A, Szmuk P:
Incidence and factors contributing to postdischarge nausea and vomiting in pediatric ambulatory surgical cases.
Paediatr Anaesth.
2018; 28(3): 257–63. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 33.
Apfel CC, Turan A, Souza K, et al.:
Intravenous acetaminophen reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Pain.
2013; 154(5): 677–89. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 34.
Palazzo M, Evans R:
Logistic regression analysis of fixed patient factors for postoperative sickness: a model for risk assessment.
Br J Anaesth.
1993; 70(2): 135–40. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 35.
Koivuranta M, Läärä E, Snåre L, et al.:
A survey of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Anaesthesia.
1997; 52(5): 443–449. Publisher Full Text
- 36.
Sinclair DR, Chung F, Mezei G:
Can Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Be Predicted?
Anesthesiology.
1999; 91(1): 109–18. Publisher Full Text
- 37.
Apfel CC, Heidrich FM, Jukar-Rao S, et al.:
Evidence-based analysis of risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Br J Anaesth.
2012; 109(5): 742–53. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 38.
Gan TJ, Diemunsch P, Habib AS, et al.:
Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.
Anesth Analg.
2014; 118(1): 85–113. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 39.
Rowley MP, Brown TC:
Postoperative vomiting in children.
Anaesth Intensive Care.
1982; 10(4): 309–13. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 40.
Chandrakantan A, Reinsel RA, Jasiewicz R, et al.:
An exploratory study of the relationship between postoperative nausea and vomiting and postdischarge nausea and vomiting in children undergoing ambulatory surgery.
Paediatr Anaesth.
2019; 29(4): 353–60. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 41.
Kocaturk O, Keles S, Omurlu IK:
Risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting in pediatric patients undergoing ambulatory dental treatment.
Niger J Clin Pract.
2018; 21(5): 597–602. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 42.
Turgut HC, Alkan M, Kip G, et al.:
Is age a determinant for nausea and vomiting in disabled patients after dental treatment under sedation?
Niger J Clin Pract.
2017; 20(11): 1497–500. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 43.
Bourdaud N, Devys JM, Bientz J, et al.:
Development and validation of a risk score to predict the probability of postoperative vomiting in pediatric patients: The VPOP score.
Paediatr Anaesth.
2014; 24(9): 945–52. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 44.
Cohen MM, Cameron CB, Duncan PG:
Pediatric anesthesia morbidity and mortality in the perioperative period.
Anesth Analg.
1990; 70(2): 160–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 45.
Schreiner MS, Nicolson SC, Martin T, et al.:
Should children drink before discharge from day surgery?
Anesthesiology.
1992; 76(4): 528–33. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 46.
Shen YD, Chen CY, Wu CH, et al.:
Dexamethasone, ondansetron, and their combination and postoperative nausea and vomiting in children undergoing strabismus surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Paediatr Anaesth.
2014; 24(5): 490–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 47.
Apfel CC, Kranke P, Katz MH, et al.:
Volatile anaesthetics may be the main cause of early but not delayed postoperative vomiting: A randomized controlled trial of factorial design.
Br J Anaesth.
2002; 88(5): 659–68. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 48.
Yoon IJ, Kang H, Baek CW, et al.:
Comparison of effects of desflurane and sevoflurane on postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pain in patients receiving opioid-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia after thyroidectomy: Propensity score matching analysis.
Medicine (Baltimore).
2017; 96(16): e6681. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 49.
Firoozabadi MD, Rahmani H:
Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting: Methods and Utility after Surgery in Cancer Patients?
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev.
2015; 16(7): 2629–35. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 50.
Prathep S, Mahattanaporn S, Wasinwong W:
Target Controlled Infusion versus Sevoflurane/Desflurane Anesthesia for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Comparison Postoperative Nausea/Vomiting and Extubation Time.
J Med Assoc Thai.
2015; 98(12): 1187–92. PubMed Abstract
- 51.
Tramèr MR, Fuchs-Buder T:
Omitting antagonism of neuromuscular block: Effect on postoperative nausea and vomiting and risk of residual paralysis. A systematic review.
Br J Anaesth.
1999; 82(3): 379–86. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 52.
Sansonnens J, Taffé P, Burnand B:
Higher occurrence of nausea and vomiting after total hip arthroplasty using general versus spinal anesthesia: An observational study.
BMC Anesthesiol.
2016; 16: 44. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 53.
Seki H, Furumoto K, Sato M, et al.:
Effects of epidural anesthesia on postoperative nausea and vomiting in laparoscopic gynecological surgery: A randomized controlled trial.
J Anesth.
2018; 32(4): 608–15. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 54.
Semiz A, Akpak YK, Yılanlıoğlu NC, et al.:
Prediction of intraoperative nausea and vomiting in caesarean delivery under regional anaesthesia.
J Int Med Res.
2017; 45(1): 332–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 55.
Rivedal DD, Nayar HS, Israel JS, et al.:
Paravertebral block associated with decreased opioid use and less nausea and vomiting after reduction mammaplasty.
J Surg Res.
2018; 228: 307–13. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 56.
Steinhaus ME, Rosneck J, Ahmad CS, et al.:
Outcomes After Peripheral Nerve Block in Hip Arthroscopy.
Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ).
2018; 47(6). PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 57.
Chiu C, Aleshi P, Esserman LJ, et al.:
Improved analgesia and reduced post-operative nausea and vomiting after implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathway for total mastectomy.
BMC Anesthesiol.
2018; 18(1): 41. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 58.
Ma K, Wu X, Chen Y, et al.:
Effect of multimodal intervention on postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopy.
J Int Med Res.
2019; 47(5): 2026–33. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 59.
Abubaker AK, Al-Qudah MA:
The Role of Endoscopic Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block on Nausea and Vomiting After Sinus Surgery.
Am J Rhinol Allergy.
2018; 32(5): 369–73. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 60.
Sidiropoulou T, Buonomo O, Fabbi E, et al.:
A prospective comparison of continuous wound infiltration with ropivacaine versus single-injection paravertebral block after modified radical mastectomy.
Anesth Analg.
2008; 106(3): 997-1001, table of contents. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 61.
White PF, White LM, Monk T, et al.:
Perioperative Care for the Older Outpatient Undergoing Ambulatory Surgery.
Anesth Analg.
2012; 114(6): 1190–215. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 62.
White PF:
Pain management for the elderly in the ambulatory setting.
Pain Manag.
2015; 5(4): 233–6. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 63.
Li CC, Chen SS, Huang CH, et al.:
Fentanyl-induced cough is a risk factor for postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Br J Anaesth.
2015; 115(3): 444–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 64.
Hozumi J, Egi M, Sugita S, et al.:
Dose of intraoperative remifentanil administration is independently associated with increase in the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting in elective mastectomy under general anesthesia.
J Clin Anesth.
2016; 34: 227–31. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 65.
Liu Y, Yang L, Tao SJ:
Effects of hydromorphone and morphine intravenous analgesia on plasma motilin and postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing total hysterectomy.
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci.
2018; 22(17): 5697–703. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 66.
Palumbo P, Usai S, Amatucci C, et al.:
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in outpatient repair of inguinal hernia.
Ann Ital Chir.
2018; 89: 75–80. PubMed Abstract
- 67.
Tao B, Liu K, Wang D, et al.:
Effect of Intravenous Oxycodone Versus Sufentanil on the Incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing Gynecological Laparoscopic Surgery.
J Clin Pharmacol.
2019; 59(8): 1144–50. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 68.
Han L, Su Y, Xiong H, et al.:
Oxycodone Versus Sufentanil in Adult Patient-Controlled Intravenous Analgesia After Abdominal Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Multiple-Center Clinical Trial.
Medicine (Baltimore).
2018; 97(31): e11552. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 69.
Watanabe T, Moriya K, Tsubokawa N, et al.:
Effect of remifentanil on postoperative nausea and vomiting: A randomized pilot study.
J Anesth.
2018; 32(5): 781–5. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 70.
Devys JM, Mora A, Plaud B, et al.:
Intrathecal + PCA morphine improves analgesia during the first 24 hr after major abdominal surgery compared to PCA alone.
Can J Anesth.
2003; 50(4): 355–61. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 71.
de Pietri L, Siniscalchi A, Reggiani A, et al.:
The use of intrathecal morphine for postoperative pain relief after liver resection: A comparison with epidural analgesia.
Anesth Analg.
2006; 102(4): 1157–63. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 72.
Dereu D, Savoldelli GL, Mercier Y, et al.:
The Impact of a Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Including Clonidine vs. Intrathecal Morphine on Nausea and Vomiting After Caesarean Section: A Randomised Controlled Trial.
Eur J Anaesthesiol.
2019; 36(8): 575–82. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 73.
Peivandi S, Habibi MR, Baradari AG, et al.:
The Effect of Adding Low-Dose Naloxone to Intrathecal Morphine on Postoperative Pain and Morphine Related Side Effects after Cesarean Section: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Clinical Trial.
Open Access Maced J Med Sci.
2019; 7(23): 3979–83. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 74.
Sneyd JR, Carr A, Byrom WD, et al.:
A meta-analysis of nausea and vomiting following maintenance of anaesthesia with propofol or inhalational agents.
Eur J Anaesthesiol.
1998; 15(4): 433–45. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 75.
Bhakta P, Ghosh BR, Singh U, et al.:
Incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting following gynecological laparoscopy: A comparison of standard anesthetic technique and propofol infusion.
Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan.
2016; 54(4): 108–13. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 76.
White PF:
Anesthesiology-important advances in clinical medicine: Outpatient anesthesia techniques: continuous intravenous infusion of anesthetic agents.
West J Med.
1984; 140(3): 437–8. PubMed Abstract
| Free Full Text
- 77.
Meng QT, Cao C, Liu HM, et al.:
Safety and efficacy of etomidate and propofol anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing gastroscopy: A double-blind randomized clinical study.
Exp Ther Med.
2016; 12(3): 1515–24. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 78.
Avramov MN, Husain MM, White PF:
The Comparative Effects of Methohexital, Propofol, and Etomidate for Electroconvulsive Therapy.
Anesth Analg.
1995; 81(3): 596–602. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 79.
Gazdag G, Kocsis N, Tolna J, et al.:
Etomidate versus propofol for electroconvulsive therapy in patients with schizophrenia.
J ECT.
2004; 20(4): 225–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 80.
Gholipour Baradari A, Firouzian A, Zamani Kiasari A, et al.:
Effect of Etomidate Versus Combination of Propofol-Ketamine and Thiopental-Ketamine on Hemodynamic Response to Laryngoscopy and Intubation: A Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial.
Anesth Pain Med.
2016; 6(1): e30071. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 81.
Nesher N, Serovian I, Marouani N, et al.:
Ketamine spares morphine consumption after transthoracic lung and heart surgery without adverse hemodynamic effects.
Pharmacol Res.
2008; 58(1): 38–44. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 82.
Vadivelu N, Schermer E, Kodumudi V, et al.:
Role of ketamine for analgesia in adults and children.
J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol.
2016; 32(3): 298. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 83.
Pan L, Shen Y, Ma T, et al.:
The efficacy of ketamine supplementation on pain management for knee arthroscopy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Medicine (Baltimore).
2019; 98(27): e16138. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 84.
Brinck E, Tiippana E, Heesen M, et al.:
Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2018; 12(12): CD012033. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 85.
Moro ET, Feitosa IMPSS, de Oliveira RG, et al.:
Ketamine does not enhance the quality of recovery following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomized controlled trial.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.
2017; 61(7): 740–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 86.
St Pierre M, Dunkel M, Rutherford A, et al.:
Does etomidate increase postoperative nausea? A double-blind controlled comparison of etomidate in lipid emulsion with propofol for balanced anaesthesia.
Eur J Anaesthesiol.
2000; 17(10): 634–41. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 87.
Subramaniam K, Subramaniam B, Steinbrook RA:
Ketamine as adjuvant analgesic to opioids: A quantitative and qualitative systematic review.
Anesth Analg.
2004; 99(2): 482-95, table of contents. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 88.
Li Z, Chen Y:
Ketamine reduces pain and opioid consumption after total knee arthroplasty: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.
Int J Surg.
2019; 70: 70–83. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 89.
da Silva HBG, Sousa AM, Guimarães GMN, et al.:
Does previous chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting predict postoperative nausea and vomiting?
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.
2015; 59(9): 1145–53. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 90.
Laufenberg-Feldmann R, Müller M, Ferner M, et al.:
Is 'Anxiety Sensitivity' Predictive of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting?: A Prospective Observational Study.
Eur J Anaesthesiol.
2019; 36(5): 369–74. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 91.
Odom-Forren J, Hall LA, Fetzer SJ:
Psychometric Properties of the Ambulatory Surgery Index of Nausea, Vomiting, and Retching.
J Nurs Meas.
2016; 24(3): 454–64. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 92.
Alli A, Omar S, Tsang S, et al.:
The effect of ethnicity on the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in moderate to high risk patients undergoing general anesthesia in south africa: a controlled observational study.
Middle East J Anaesthesiol.
2017; 24(2): 119–29. PubMed Abstract
| Free Full Text
- 93.
Kong Y, Yan T, Gong S, et al.:
Opioid receptor mu 1 (OPRM1) A118G polymorphism (rs1799971) and postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Am J Transl Res.
2018; 10(9): 2764–80. PubMed Abstract
| Free Full Text
- 94.
López-Morales P, Flores-Funes D, Sánchez-Migallón EG, et al.:
Genetic Factors Associated with Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review.
J Gastrointest Surg.
2018; 22(9): 1645–51. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 95.
Klenke S, de Vries GJ, Schiefer L, et al.:
CHRM3 rs2165870 polymorphism is independently associated with postoperative nausea and vomiting, but combined prophylaxis is effective.
Br J Anaesth.
2018; 121(1): 58–65. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 96.
Song JW, Shim JK, Choi SH, et al.:
Comparison of Ramosetron and Palonosetron for Preventing Nausea and Vomiting after Spinal Surgery: Association With ABCB1 Polymorphisms.
J Neurosurg Anesthesiol.
2017; 29(4): 406–14. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 97.
Niewiński P, Wojciechowski R, Śliwiński M, et al.:
CYP2D6 basic genotyping as a potential tool to improve the antiemetic efficacy of ondansetron in prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Adv Clin Exp Med.
2018; 27(11): 1499–503. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 98.
Candiotti KA, Birnbach DJ, Lubarsky DA, et al.:
The impact of pharmacogenomics on postoperative nausea and vomiting: Do CYP2D6 allele copy number and polymorphisms affect the success or failure of ondansetron prophylaxis?
Anesthesiology.
2005; 102(3): 543–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 99.
Canpolat D, Dogruel F, Gönen Z, et al.:
The role of platelet count, mean platelet volume, and the mean platelet volume/platelet count ratio in predicting postoperative vomiting in children after deep sedation.
Saudi Med J.
2016; 37(10): 1082–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 100.
Arpaci AH, Işik B, Ilhan E, et al.:
Association of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Incidence With Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in Ambulatory Maxillofacial Surgery.
J Oral Maxillofac Surg.
2017; 75(7): 1367–71. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 101.
Charbit B, Albaladejo P, Funck-Brentano C, et al.:
Prolongation of QTc Interval after Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Treatment by Droperidol or Ondansetron.
Anesthesiology.
2005; 102(6): 1094–100. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 102.
Krammes SK, Jacobs T, Clark JM, et al.:
Effect of Intravenous Ondansetron on the QT Interval of Patients' Electrocardiograms.
Pediatr Emerg Care.
2018; 34(1): 38–41. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 103.
Apfel CC, Läärä E, Koivuranta M, et al.:
A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting: Conclusions from cross-validations between two centers.
Anesthesiology.
1999; 91(3): 693–700. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 104.
Apfel CC, Kranke P, Eberhart LHJ:
Comparison of surgical site and patient's history with a simplified risk score for the prediction of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Anaesthesia.
2004; 59(11): 1078–82. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 105.
Biedler A, Wermelt J, Kunitz O, et al.:
A risk adapted approach reduces the overall institutional incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Can J Anaesth.
2004; 51(1): 13–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 106.
Smith CA, Ruth-Sahd L:
Reducing the Incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Begins With Risk Screening: An Evaluation of the Evidence.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2016; 31(2): 158–71. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 107.
Wiesmann T, Kranke P, Eberhart L:
Postoperative nausea and vomiting - a narrative review of pathophysiology, pharmacotherapy and clinical management strategies.
Expert Opin Pharmacother.
2015; 16(7): 1069–77. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 108.
Kolodzie K, Apfel CC:
Nausea and vomiting after office-based anesthesia.
Curr Opin Anaesthesiol.
2009; 22(4): 532–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 109.
Chinnappa V, Chung F:
Post-discharge nausea and vomiting: An overlooked aspect of ambulatory anesthesia?
Can J Anaesth.
2008; 55(9): 565–71. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 110.
Apfel CC, Philip BK, Cakmakkaya OS, et al.:
Who Is at Risk for Postdischarge Nausea and Vomiting after Ambulatory Surgery?
Anesthesiology.
2012; 117(3): 475–86. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 111.
White PF, Zhao M, Tang J, et al.:
Use of a disposable acupressure device as part of a multimodal antiemetic strategy for reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Anesth Analg.
2012; 115(1): 31–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 112.
Coloma M, White PF, Ogunnaike BO, et al.:
Comparison of Acustimulation and Ondansetron for the Treatment of Established Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.
Anesthesiology.
2002; 97(6): 1387–92. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 113.
White PF, Issioui T, Hu J, et al.:
Comparative efficacy of acustimulation (ReliefBand) versus ondansetron (Zofran) in combination with droperidol for preventing nausea and vomiting.
Anesthesiology.
2002; 97(5): 1075–81. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 114.
Odom-Forren J, Rayens MK, Gokun Y, et al.:
The Relationship of Pain and Nausea in Postoperative Patients for 1 Week After Ambulatory Surgery.
Clin J Pain.
2015; 31(10): 845–51. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 115.
Odom-Forren J, Jalota L, Moser DK, et al.:
Incidence and predictors of postdischarge nausea and vomiting in a 7-day population.
J Clin Anesth.
2013; 25(7): 551–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 116.
Bergese SD, Puente EG, Antor MA, et al.:
A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Double-Dummy Pilot Study to Assess the Preemptive Effect of Triple Therapy with Aprepitant, Dexamethasone, and Promethazine versus Ondansetron, Dexamethasone and Promethazine on Reducing the Incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Experienced by Patients Undergoing Craniotomy Under General Anesthesia.
Front Med (Lausanne).
2016; 3: 29. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 117.
Imani F, Zafarghandi-Motlagh M:
Postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopy.
J Minim Invasive Surg Sci.
2013; 2: 138–43.
- 118.
Ryu JH, Lee JE, Lim YJ, et al.:
A prospective, randomized, double-blind, and multicenter trial of prophylactic effects of ramosetronon postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after craniotomy: Comparison with ondansetron.
BMC Anesthesiol.
2014; 14: 63. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 119.
Alimian M, Imani F, Faiz SHR, et al.:
Effect of oral pregabalin premedication on post-operative pain in laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery.
Anesth Pain Med.
2012; 2(1): 12–6. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 120.
Lee A, Chan SKC, Fan LTY:
Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2015; 2015(11): CD003281. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 121.
Manahan MA, Basdag B, Kalmar CL, et al.:
Risk of severe and refractory postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing diep flap breast reconstruction.
Microsurgery.
2014; 34(2): 112–21. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 122.
Apfel CC, Korttila K, Abdalla M, et al.:
A Factorial Trial of Six Interventions for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.
N Engl J Med.
2004; 350(24): 2441–51. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 123.
Tang J, Wang B, White PF, et al.:
The effect of timing of ondansetron administration on its efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit as a prophylactic antiemetic in the ambulatory setting.
Anesth Analg.
1998; 86(2): 274–82. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 124.
White PF, Tang J, Hamza MA, et al.:
The use of oral granisetron versus intravenous ondansetron for antiemetic prophylaxis in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery: The effect on emetic symptoms and quality of recovery.
Anesth Analg.
2006; 102(5): 1387–93. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 125.
Kamali A, Ahmadi L, Shokrpour M, et al.:
Investigation of Ondansetron, Haloperidol, and Dexmedetomidine Efficacy for Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting In Patients with Abdominal Hysterectomy.
Open Access Maced J Med Sci.
2018; 6(9): 1659–63. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 126.
Isazadehfar K, Entezariasl M, Shahbazzadegan B, et al.:
The Comparative Study of Ondansetron and Metoclopramide Effects in Reducing Nausea and Vomiting After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.
Acta Med Iran.
2017; 55(4): 254–8. PubMed Abstract
- 127.
Bai B, Pei LJ, Zhang YL, et al.:
Adding Ondansetron in Morphine Intravenous Analgesia Pump for Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Women.
Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao.
2018; 40(3): 373–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 128.
Pazoki S, Modir H, Kamali A, et al.:
Ondansetron 8 mg and 4 mg with normal saline against post-operative headache and nausea/vomiting after spinal anesthesia: A randomized double-blind trial.
Med Gas Res.
2018; 8(2): 48–53. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 129.
Koyuncu O, Leung S, You J, et al.:
The effect of ondansetron on analgesic efficacy of acetaminophen after hysterectomy: A randomized double blinded placebo controlled trial.
J Clin Anesth.
2017; 40: 78–83. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 130.
Zhu M, Zhou C, Huang B, et al.:
Granisetron plus dexamethasone for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery: A meta-analysis.
J Int Med Res.
2017; 45(3): 904–11. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 131.
Lee WS, Lee KB, Lim S, et al.:
Comparison of palonosetron, granisetron, and ramosetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery: A prospective randomized trial.
BMC Anesthesiol.
2015; 15: 121. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 132.
Tahir S, Mir AA, Hameed A:
Comparison of Palonosetron with Granisetron for Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Abdominal Surgery.
Anesth Essays Res.
2018; 12(3): 636–43. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 133.
White PF:
Ambulatory Anesthesia and Surgery. London,WB Saunders, 1997; 442.
- 134.
Hahm TS, Ko JS, Choi SJ, et al.:
Comparison of the prophylactic anti-emetic efficacy of ramosetron and ondansetron in patients at high-risk for postoperative nausea and vomiting after total knee replacement.
Anaesthesia.
2010; 65(5): 500–4. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 135.
Joo J, Park S, Park HJ, et al.:
Ramosetron versus ondansetron for postoperative nausea and vomiting in strabismus surgery patients.
BMC Anesthesiol.
2016; 16(1): 41. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 136.
Gao C, Li B, Xu L, et al.:
Efficacy and safety of ramosetron versus ondansetron for postoperative nausea and vomiting after general anesthesia: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
Drug Des Devel Ther.
2015; 9: 2343–50. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 137.
Yokoi A, Mihara T, Ka K, et al.:
Comparative efficacy of ramosetron and ondansetron in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.
PLoS One.
2017; 12: e0186006. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 138.
Choi YS, Sohn HM, Do SH, et al.:
Comparison of ramosetron and ondansetron for the treatment of established postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic surgery: A prospective, randomized, double-blinded multicenter trial.
Ther Clin Risk Manag.
2018; 14: 601–6. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 139.
Pinsornsak P, Teeyaphudit M, Ruetiwarangkoon C, et al.:
Comparison of Ramosetron With Ondansetron for Prevention of Intrathecal Morphine-Induced Nausea and Vomiting After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Control Trial.
J Arthroplasty.
2017; 32(3): 1040–3. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 140.
Park HE, Kim MK, Kang WK:
Efficacy and Safety of Ramosetron Injection for Nausea and Vomiting in Colorectal-Cancer Patients Undergoing a Laparoscopic Colectomy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Comparative Study.
Ann Coloproctol.
2018; 34(1): 36–41. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 141.
Lee B, Kim K, Suh DH, et al.:
Efficacy of Single-dose and 2-dose Intravenous Administration of Ramosetron in Preventing Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Laparoscopic Gynecologic Operation: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Phase 2 Trial.
Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech.
2017; 27(3): 183–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 142.
Wangnamthip S, Chinachoti T, Amornyotin S, et al.:
A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Ramosetron for Prevention of Post Operative Nausea and Vomiting after Intrathecal Morphine in Patients Undergoing Gynecological Surgery.
J Med Assoc Thai.
2016; 99(5): 455–61. PubMed Abstract
- 143.
Singh PM, Borle A, Gouda D, et al.:
Efficacy of palonosetron in postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)-a meta-analysis.
J Clin Anesth.
2016; 34: 459–82. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 144.
Ahn EJ, Choi GJ, Kang H, et al.:
Comparison of Ramosetron with Palonosetron for Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Receiving Opioid-Based Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia after Gynecological Laparoscopy.
Biomed Res Int.
2017; 2017: 9341738. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 145.
Carvalho Braga EL, Figueiredo NV, Barrucand L, et al.:
Use of palonosetron and ondansetron in the prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting in women 60 years of age or older undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomised double-blind study.
Eur J Anaesthesiol.
2019; 36(3): 241–2. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 146.
Liu Q, Zhou C, Bao Z, et al.:
Effects of palonosetron and ondansetron on preventing nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic surgery.
J Int Med Res.
2018; 46(1): 411–20. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 147.
Reddy G, Manjusruthi B, Jyothsna G:
Postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis: A comparative study of ramosetron and palonosetron in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy - A prospective randomized trial.
Anesth Essays Res.
2019; 13: 68–72. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 148.
Kim MS, Park JH, Choi YS, et al.:
Efficacy of Palonosetron vs. Ramosetron for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Yonsei Med J.
2017; 58(4): 848–58. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 149.
Wang JJ, Ho ST, Lee SC, et al.:
The use of dexamethasone for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in females undergoing thyroidectomy: A dose-ranging study.
Anesth Analg.
2000; 91(6): 1404–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 150.
Maitra S, Som A, Baidya DK, et al.:
Comparison of Ondansetron and Dexamethasone for Prophylaxis of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgeries: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Anesthesiol Res Pract.
2016; 2016: 7089454. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 151.
Parthasarathy P, Babu K, Raghavendra Rao RS, et al.:
The Effect of Single-dose Intravenous Dexamethasone on Postoperative Pain and Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing Surgery under Spinal Anesthesia: A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Study.
Anesth Essays Res.
2018; 12(2): 313–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 152.
Ormel G, Romundstad L, Lambert-Jensen P, et al.:
Dexamethasone has additive effect when combined with ondansetron and droperidol for treatment of established PONV.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.
2011; 55(10): 1196–205. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 153.
Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Greenberg SB, et al.:
Preoperative dexamethasone enhances quality of recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Effect on in-hospital and postdischarge recovery outcomes.
Anesthesiology.
2011; 114(4): 882–90. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 154.
Ismail EA, Bakri MH, Abd-Elshafy SK:
Dexamethasone alone versus in combination with intra-operative super-hydration for postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis in female patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomized clinical trial.
Korean J Anesthesiol.
2017; 70(5): 535–541. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 155.
Awad K, Ahmed H, Abushouk AI, et al.:
Dexamethasone combined with other antiemetics versus single antiemetics for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.
Int J Surg.
2016; 36(Pt A): 152–63. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 156.
Kumar A, Patodia M, Pandove P, et al.:
A randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluating preventive role of ondansetron, dexamethasone and ondansetron plus dexamethasone for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Journal International Medical Sciences Academy
2013; 26(4): 217–8. Reference Source
- 157.
Coloma M, White PF, Markowitz SD, et al.:
Dexamethasone in Combination With Dolasetron for Prophylaxis in the Ambulatory Setting: Effect on Outcome After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.
Anesthesiology.
2002; 96(6): 1346–50. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 158.
Amer M, Uddin S, Rasheed F:
Comparison of use of metoclopramide alone and in combination with dexamethasone for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Pak J Med Health Sci.
2012; 6(3): 626–8. Reference Source
- 159.
Jo YY, Lee JW, Shim JK, et al.:
Ramosetron, dexamethasone, and their combination for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in women undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Surg Endosc.
2012; 26(8): 2306–11. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 160.
Ahsan K, Abbas N, Naqvi SMN, et al.:
Comparison of efficacy of ondansetron and dexamethasone combination and ondansetron alone in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
J Pak Med Assoc.
2014; 64(3): 242–6. PubMed Abstract
- 161.
Ko-Iam W, Sandhu T, Paiboonworachat S, et al.:
Metoclopramide, versus its combination with dexamethasone in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A double-blind randomized controlled trial.
J Med Assoc Thai.
2015; 98(3): 265–72. PubMed Abstract
- 162.
Bala I, Bharti N, Murugesan S, et al.:
Comparison of palonosetron with palonosetron-dexamethasone combination for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Minerva Anestesiol.
2014; 80(7): 779–84. PubMed Abstract
- 163.
Alia I, Gillani M, Hanif A, et al.:
Comparison of ondansetron and combination of ondansetron and dexamethasone for prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Pak J Med Health Sci.
2015; 9(4): 1387–89. Reference Source
- 164.
Gupta R, Srivastava S, Dhiraaj S, et al.:
Minimum effective dose of dexamethasone in combination with midazolam as prophylaxis against postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Anesth Essays Res.
2018; 12(2): 396–401. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 165.
Cortés-Flores AO, Jiménez-Tornero J, Morgan-Villela G, et al.:
Effects of preoperative dexamethasone on postoperative pain, nausea, vomiting and respiratory function in women undergoing conservative breast surgery for cancer: Results of a controlled clinical trial.
Eur J Cancer Care (Engl).
2018; 27(1). PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 166.
DREAMS Trial Collaborators and West Midlands Research Collaborative:
Dexamethasone versus standard treatment for postoperative nausea and vomiting in gastrointestinal surgery: Randomised controlled trial (DREAMS Trial).
BMJ.
2017; 357: j1455. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 167.
Xu B, Ma J, Huang Q, et al.:
Two doses of low-dose perioperative dexamethasone improve the clinical outcome after total knee arthroplasty: A randomized controlled study.
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc.
2018; 26(5): 1549–56. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 168.
Fan Z, Ma J, Kuang M, et al.:
The efficacy of dexamethasone reducing postoperative pain and emesis after total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Int J Surg.
2018; 52: 149–55. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 169.
Ismail EA, Abo Elfadl GM, Bahloul M:
Comparison of intraperitoneal versus intravenous dexamethasone on postoperative nausea and vomiting after gynecological laparoscopy: A randomized clinical trial.
Korean J Anesthesiol.
2019; 72(1): 47–52. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 170.
Seki H, Wakamiya R, Ihara N, et al.:
The Effect of Dexamethasone on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Posterior Correction and Fusion Surgery for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.
Masui.
2017; 66(3): 298–302. PubMed Abstract
- 171.
Sane S, Hasanlui MV, Abbasivash R, et al.:
Comparing the effect of intravenous dexamethasone, intravenous ondansetron, and their combination on nausea and vomiting in cesarean section with spinal anesthesia.
Adv Biomed Res.
2015; 4: 230. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 172.
Wakamiya R, Seki H, Ideno S, et al.:
Effects of prophylactic dexamethasone on postoperative nausea and vomiting in scoliosis correction surgery: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Sci Rep.
2019; 9(1): 2119. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 173.
Reibaldi M, Fallico M, Longo A, et al.:
Efficacy of Three Different Prophylactic Treatments for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting after Vitrectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
J Clin Med.
2019; 8(3): 391. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 174.
Cho E, Kim DH, Shin S, et al.:
Efficacy of Palonosetron-Dexamethasone Combination Versus Palonosetron Alone for Preventing Nausea and Vomiting Related to Opioid-Based Analgesia: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Trial.
Int J Med Sci.
2018; 15(10): 961–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 175.
Frelich M, Divák J, Vodička V, et al.:
Dexamethasone Reduces the Incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Children Undergoing Endoscopic Adenoidectomy under General Anesthesia Without Increasing the Risk of Postoperative Hemorrhage.
Med Sci Monit.
2018; 24: 8430–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 176.
Sayed JA, Riad MAF, Ali MOM:
Comparison of dexamethasone or intravenous fluids or combination of both on postoperative nausea, vomiting and pain in pediatric strabismus surgery.
J Clin Anesth.
2016; 34: 136–42. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 177.
Haapanen A, Thorén H, Törnwall J, et al.:
Postoperative nausea and vomiting in facial fracture patients: A Randomized and controlled trial on the effect of dexamethasone.
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg.
2017; 46(10): 1267–70. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 178.
Kleif J, Kirkegaard A, Vilandt J, et al.:
Randomized clinical trial of preoperative dexamethasone on postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopy for suspected appendicitis.
Br J Surg.
2017; 104(4): 384–92. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 179.
Thongrong C, Chullabodhi P, Kasemsiri P, et al.:
Effects of Intraoperative Dexamethasone and Ondansetron on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Microvascular Decompression Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Study.
Anesthesiology Research and Practice.
2018; 2018: 6297362. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 180.
Singh PM, Borle A, Panwar R, et al.:
Perioperative antiemetic efficacy of dexamethasone versus 5-HT3 receptor antagonists: A meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Eur J Clin Pharmacol.
2018; 74(10): 1201–14. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 181.
Wasfie T, Tabatabai A, Hedni R, et al.:
Effect of intra-operative single dose of dexamethasone for control of post-operative nausea and vomiting on the control of glucose levels in diabetic patients.
Am J Surg.
2018; 215(3): 488–90. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 182.
Aasboe V, Raeder JC, Groegaard B:
Betamethasone Reduces Postoperative Pain and Nausea After Ambulatory Surgery.
Anesth Analg.
1998; 87(2): 319–23. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 183.
Thagaard KS, Jensen HH, Raeder J:
Analgesic and antiemetic effect of ketorolac vs. betamethasone or dexamethasone after ambulatory surgery.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.
2007; 51(3): 271–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 184.
Olanders KJ, Lundgren GAE, Johansson AMG:
Betamethasone in prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting following breast surgery.
J Clin Anesth.
2014; 26(6): 461–5. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 185.
Champion S, Zieger L, Hemery C:
Prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting after cardiac surgery in high-risk patients: A randomized controlled study.
Ann Card Anaesth.
2018; 21(1): 8–14. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 186.
Nordin L, Nordlund A, Lindqvist A, et al.:
Corticosteroids or Not for Postoperative Nausea: A Double-Blinded Randomized Study.
J Gastrointest Surg.
2016; 20(8): 1517–22. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 187.
Liu M, Zhang H, Du BX, et al.:
Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists in Preventing Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Medicine (Baltimore).
2015; 94(19): e762. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 188.
Gesztesi Z, Scuderi PE, White PF, et al.:
Substance P (Neurokinin-1) antagonist prevents postoperative vomiting after abdominal hysterectomy procedures.
Anesthesiology.
2000; 93(4): 931–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 189.
Diemunsch P, Gan TJ, Philip BK, et al.:
Single-dose aprepitant vs ondansetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: A randomized, double-blind Phase III trial in patients undergoing open abdominal surgery.
Br J Anaesth.
2007; 99(2): 202–11. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 190.
Milnes V, Gonzalez A, Amos V:
Aprepitant: A New Modality for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: An Evidence-Based Review.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2015; 30(5): 406–17. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 191.
Gan TJ, Apfel CC, Kovac A, et al.:
A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of the NK1 Antagonist, Aprepitant, Versus Ondansetron for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.
Anesth Analg.
2007; 104(5): 1082–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 192.
Emami H, Hematti S, Saeidian SM, et al.:
The efficacy of combination of ondansetron and aprepitant on preventing the radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
J Res Med Sci.
2015; 20(4): 329–33. PubMed Abstract
| Free Full Text
- 193.
Bilgen S, Kizilcik N, Haliloglu M, et al.:
Effect of the Dexamethasone-Ondansetron Combination Versus Dexamethasone-Aprepitant Combination to Prevent Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.
Turk J Anaesth Reanim.
2018; 46(5): 373–80. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 194.
Habib AS, Keifer JC, Borel CO, et al.:
A comparison of the combination of aprepitant and dexamethasone versus the combination of ondansetron and dexamethasone for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing craniotomy.
Anesth Analg.
2011; 112(4): 813–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 195.
Jeyabalan S, Thampi S, Karuppusami R, et al.:
Comparing the efficacy of aprepitant and ondansetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV): A double blinded, randomised control trial in patients undergoing breast and thyroid surgeries.
Indian J Anaesth.
2019; 63(4): 289–294. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 196.
Yoo JH, Im Kim S, Chung JW, et al.:
Aprepitant in combination with palonosetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in female patients using intravenous patient-controlled analgesia.
Korean J Anesthesiol.
2018; 71(16): 440–446. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 197.
Salman FT, DiCristina C, Chain A, et al.:
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aprepitant for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in pediatric subjects.
J Pediatr Surg.
2019; 54(7): 1384–90. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 198.
Atsuta J, Inoue S, Tanaka Y, et al.:
Fosaprepitant versus droperidol for prevention of PONV in craniotomy: A randomized double-blind study.
J Anesth.
2017; 31(1): 82–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 199.
Soga T, Kume K, Kakuta N, et al.:
Fosaprepitant versus ondansetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients who undergo gynecologic abdominal surgery with patient-controlled epidural analgesia: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study.
J Anesth.
2015; 29(5): 696–701. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 200.
White PF:
Droperidol: A cost-effective antiemetic for over thirty years.
Anesth Analg.
2002; 95(4): 789–90. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 201.
Fortney JT, Gan TJ, Graczyk S, et al.:
A Comparison of the Efficacy, Safety, and Patient Satisfaction of Ondansetron Versus Droperidol as Antiemetics for Elective Outpatient Surgical Procedures.
Anesth Analg.
1998; 86(4): 731–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 202.
Hill RP, Lubarsky DA, Phillips-Bute B, et al.:
Cost-effectiveness of prophylactic antiemetic therapy with ondansetron, droperidol, or placebo.
Anesthesiology.
2000; 92(4): 958–67. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 203.
White PF:
Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting--a multimodal solution to a persistent problem.
N Engl J Med.
2004; 350(24): 2511–2. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 204.
Tricco AC, Soobiah C, Blondal E, et al.:
Comparative safety of serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonists in patients undergoing surgery: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.
BMC Med.
2015; 13: 142. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 205.
Flubacher P, Fournier N, Cherpillod J, et al.:
A randomised controlled trial of placebo, droperidol or ondansetron to prevent nausea and vomiting after tonsillectomy in children receiving dexamethasone.
Anaesthesia.
2017; 72(7): 859–63. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 206.
Charton A, Greib N, Ruimy A, et al.:
Incidence of akathisia after postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis with droperidol and ondansetron in outpatient surgery: A multicentre controlled randomised trial.
Eur J Anaesthesiol.
2018; 35(12): 966–71. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 207.
Bourdaud N, François C, Jacqmarcq O, et al.:
Addition of droperidol to prophylactic ondansetron and dexamethasone in children at high risk for postoperative vomiting. A randomized, controlled, double-blind study.
Br J Anaesth.
2017; 118(6): 918–23. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 208.
Singh PM, Borle A, Makkar JK, et al.:
Haloperidol Versus 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists for Postoperative Vomiting and QTc Prolongation: A Noninferiority Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
J Clin Pharmacol.
2018; 58(2): 131–43. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 209.
Brettner F, Janitza S, Prüll K, et al.:
Gender-Specific Differences in Low-Dose Haloperidol Response for Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Register-Based Cohort Study.
PLoS One.
2016; 11(1): e0146746. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 210.
Mishriky BM, Habib AS:
Metoclopramide for nausea and vomiting prophylaxis during and after Caesarean delivery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Br J Anaesth.
2012; 108(3): 374–83. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 211.
Habib AS, Kranke P, Bergese SD, et al.:
Amisulpride for the Rescue Treatment of Postoperative Nausea or Vomiting in Patients Failing Prophylaxis: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Phase III Trial.
Anesthesiology.
2019; 130(2): 203–12. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 212.
Candiotti KA, Kranke P, Bergese SD, et al.:
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Intravenous Amisulpride as Treatment of Established Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Who Have Had No Prior Prophylaxis.
Anesth Analg.
2019; 128(6): 1098–105. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 213.
Gan TJ, Kranke P, Minkowitz HS, et al.:
Intravenous Amisulpride for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Two Concurrent, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trials.
Anesthesiology.
2017; 126(2): 268–75. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 214.
Kranke P, Bergese SD, Minkowitz HS, et al.:
Amisulpride Prevents Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients at High Risk: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial.
Anesthesiology.
2018; 128(6): 1099–106. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 215.
White PF, Tang J, Song D, et al.:
Transdermal scopolamine: An alternative to ondansetron and droperidol for the prevention of postoperative and postdischarge emetic symptoms.
Anesth Analg.
2007; 104(1): 92–6. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 216.
Apfel CC, Zhang K, George E, et al.:
Transdermal scopolamine for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Clin Ther.
2010; 32(12): 1987–2002. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 217.
Pergolizzi JV, Philip BK, Leslie JB, et al.:
Perspectives on transdermal scopolamine for the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
J Clin Anesth.
2012; 24(4): 334–45. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 218.
Kassel L, Nelson M, Shine J, et al.:
Scopolamine Use in the Perioperative Patient: A Systematic Review.
AORN J.
2018; 108(3): 287–95. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 219.
Cangemi DJ, Kuo B:
Practical Perspectives in the Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting.
J Clin Gastroenterol.
2019; 53(3): 170–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 220.
Suzuki T, Inokuchi R, Hanaoka K, et al.:
Dexmedetomidine use during epiduroscopy reduces fentanyl use and postoperative nausea and vomiting: A single-center retrospective study.
SAGE Open Med.
2018; 6: 2050312118756804. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 221.
Geng ZY, Liu YF, Wang SS, et al.:
Intra-operative Dexmedetomidine Reduces Early Postoperative Nausea but Not Vomiting in Adult Patients After Gynaecological Laparoscopic Surgery: A Randomised Controlled Trial.
Eur J Anaesthesiol.
2016; 33(10): 761–6. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 222.
Jin S, Liang DD, Chen C, et al.:
Dexmedetomidine prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting on patients during general anesthesia: A PRISMA-compliant meta analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Medicine (Baltimore).
2017; 96(1): e5770. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 223.
Ajori L, Nazari L, Mazloomfard MM, et al.:
Effects of gabapentin on postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting after abdominal hysterectomy: A double blind randomized clinical trial.
Arch Gynecol Obstet.
2012; 285(3): 677–82. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 224.
Grant MC, Lee H, Page AJ, et al.:
The Effect of Preoperative Gabapentin on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Meta-Analysis.
Anesth Analg.
2016; 122(4): 976–85. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 225.
Agrawal N, Chatterjee C, Khandelwal M, et al.:
Comparative study of preoperative use of oral gabapentin, intravenous dexamethasone and their combination in gynaecological procedure.
Saudi J Anaesth.
2015; 9(4): 413–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 226.
Tsai KC, Yang YL, Fan PC:
Gabapentin for Postoperative Vomiting in Children Requiring Posterior Fossa Tumor Resection.
Pediatr Neonatol.
2015; 56(3): 351–4. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 227.
Grant MC, Betz M, Hulse M, et al.:
The Effect of Preoperative Pregabalin on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Meta-analysis.
Anesth Analg.
2016; 123(5): 1100–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 228.
Wang YM, Xia M, Shan N, et al.:
Pregabalin Can Decrease Acute Pain and Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Hysterectomy: A Meta-Analysis.
Medicine (Baltimore).
2017; 96(31): e7714. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 229.
White PF, Tufanogullari B, Taylor J, et al.:
The effect of pregabalin on preoperative anxiety and sedation levels: A dose-ranging study.
Anesth Analg.
2009; 108(4): 1140–5. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 230.
Kizilcik N, Bilgen S, Menda F, et al.:
Comparison of Dexamethasone-Dimenhydrinate and Dexamethasone-Ondansetron in Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting in Postoperative Patients.
Aesthetic Plast Surg.
2017; 41(1): 204–10. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 231.
Malamood M, Roberts A, Kataria R, et al.:
Mirtazapine for symptom control in refractory gastroparesis.
Drug Des Devel Ther.
2017; 11: 1035–41. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 232.
Bhattacharjee D, Doleman B, Lund J, et al.:
Mirtazapine for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2019; 34(4): 680–90. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 233.
Heidari SM, Saryazdi H, Saghaei M:
Effect of intravenous midazolam premedication on postoperative nausea and vomiting after cholecystectomy.
Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan.
2004; 42(2): 77–80. PubMed Abstract
- 234.
Jung JS, Park JS, Kim SO, et al.:
Prophylactic antiemetic effect of midazolam after middle ear surgery.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2016; 137(5): 753–6. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 235.
Shirdashtzadeh N, Eshraghi N, Eshraghi A:
Comparison of parenteral promethazine versus midazolam effect as a preoperative medication on postoperative nausea and vomiting after appendectomy.
Caspian J Intern Med.
2011; 2(3): 270–3. PubMed Abstract
| Free Full Text
- 236.
Kranke P, Eberhart LHJ:
Possibilities and limitations in the pharmacological management of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Eur J Anaesthesiol.
2011; 28(11): 758–65. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 237.
Honarmand A, Safavi M, Khalili G, et al.:
Prophylactic administration of haloperidol plus midazolam reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting better than using each drug alone in patients undergoing middle ear surgery.
Saudi J Anaesth.
2012; 6(2): 145–51. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 238.
Kim WJ, Kang H, Shin HY, et al.:
Ramosetron, midazolam, and combination of ramosetron and midazolam for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study.
J Int Med Res.
2013; 41(4): 1203–13. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 239.
Park EY, Lee SK, Kang MH, et al.:
Comparison of ramosetron with combined ramosetron and midazolam for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients at high risk following laparoscopic gynaecological surgery.
J Int Med Res.
2013; 41(3): 654–63. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 240.
Abdelhamid S, Kamel M:
A prospective controlled study to assess the antiemetic effect of midazolam following intragastric balloon insertion.
J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol.
2014; 30(3): 383–6. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 241.
Grant MC, Kim J, Page AJ, et al.:
The Effect of Intravenous Midazolam on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Meta-Analysis.
Anesth Analg.
2016; 122(3): 656–63. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 242.
Jabaley CS, Gray DW, Budhrani GS, et al.:
Chronic Atypical Antipsychotic Use Is Associated With Reduced Need for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Rescue in the Postanesthesia Care Unit: A Propensity-Matched Retrospective Observational Study.
Anesth Analg.
2020; 130(1): 141–50. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 243.
Kang HY, Park SW, Lee S, et al.:
Effect of prophylactic palonosetron and sugammadex on postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing microvascular decompression under propofol-maintained anesthesia: A retrospective observational study.
Medicine (Baltimore).
2018; 97(46): e13237. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 244.
Aksoy M, İnce İ, Ahıskalıoğlu A, et al.:
Effect of intravenous preoperative versus postoperative paracetamol on postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing strabismus surgery: A prospective randomized study.
Agri.
2018; 30(1): 1–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 245.
Roberts CA, Shah-Becker S, O'Connell Ferster A, et al.:
Randomized Prospective Evaluation of Intraoperative Intravenous Acetaminophen in Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy.
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.
2018; 158(2): 368–74. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 246.
Levin DN, Dulberg Z, Chan AW, et al.:
A randomized-controlled trial of nabilone for the prevention of acute postoperative nausea and vomiting in elective surgery.
Can J Anesth.
2017; 64(4): 385–95. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 247.
Ibrahim AS, Aly MG, Thabet ME, et al.:
Effect of adding nalbuphine to intrathecal bupivacaine with morphine on postoperative nausea and vomiting and pruritus after elective cesarean delivery: A randomized double blinded study.
Minerva Anestesiol.
2019; 85(3): 255–62. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 248.
Kaba A, Laurent SR, Detroz BJ, et al.:
Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion Facilitates Acute Rehabilitation after Laparoscopic Colectomy.
Anesthesiology.
2007; 106(1): 11–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 249.
McKay A, Gottschalk A, Ploppa A, et al.:
Systemic lidocaine decreased the perioperative opioid analgesic requirements but failed to reduce discharge time after ambulatory surgery.
Anesth Analg.
2009; 109(6): 1805–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 250.
Lauwick S, Kim DJ, Mistraletti G, et al.:
Functional walking capacity as an outcome measure of laparoscopic prostatectomy: The effect of lidocaine infusion.
Br J Anaesth.
2009; 103(2): 213–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 251.
Herminghaus A, Wachowiak M, Wilhelm W, et al.:
[Intravenous Administration of Lidocaine for Perioperative Analgesia. Review and Recommendations for Practical Usage].
Anaesthesist.
2011; 60(2): 152–60. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 252.
Tikuišis R, Miliauskas P, Samalavičius NE, et al.:
Intravenous lidocaine for post-operative pain relief after hand-assisted laparoscopic colon surgery: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Tech Coloproctol.
2014; 18(4): 373–80. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 253.
Ahn E, Kang H, Choi GJ, et al.:
Intravenous lidocaine for effective pain relief after a laparoscopic colectomy: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Int Surg.
2015; 100(3): 394–401. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 254.
Weibel S, Jokinen J, Pace NL, et al.:
Efficacy and safety of intravenous lidocaine for postoperative analgesia and recovery after surgery: A systematic review with trial sequential analysis.
Br J Anaesth.
2016; 116(6): 770–83. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 255.
Echevarría GC, Altermatt FR, Paredes S, et al.:
Intra-operative lidocaine in the prevention of vomiting after elective tonsillectomy in children: A randomised controlled trial.
Eur J Anaesthesiol.
2018; 35(5): 343–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 256.
Liu ZJ, Zhang LY, Zheng XG, et al.:
[Effects of Continuous Intravenous Intraoperative Lidocaine Infusion on Opioids Consumption and Postoperative Recovery in Patients Undergoing Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Lobectomy].
Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao.
2018; 40(2): 163–9. PubMed Abstract
- 257.
Wang T, Liu H, Sun JH, et al.:
Efficacy of intravenous lidocaine in improving post-operative nausea, vomiting and early recovery after laparoscopic gynaecological surgery.
Exp Ther Med.
2019; 17(6): 4723–4729. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 258.
Dewinter G, Moens P, Fieuws S, et al.:
Systemic lidocaine fails to improve postoperative morphine consumption, postoperative recovery and quality of life in patients undergoing posterior spinal arthrodesis. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Br J Anaesth.
2017; 118(4): 576–85. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 259.
Sanchez Munoz MC, de Kock M, Forget P:
What is the place of clonidine in anesthesia? Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials.
J Clin Anesth.
2017; 38: 140–53. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 260.
Yang Y, Yu LY, Zhang WS:
Clonidine versus other adjuncts added to local anesthetics for pediatric neuraxial blocks: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
J Pain Res.
2018; 11: 1027–36. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 261.
Oddby-Muhrbeck E, Eksborg S, Bergendahl HTG, et al.:
Effects of Clonidine on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Breast Cancer Surgery.
Anesthesiology.
2002; 96(5): 1109–14. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 262.
Masud M, Yeasmeen S, Haque AK, et al.:
Role of Oral Clonidine Premedication on Intra-operative Haemodynamics and PONV in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.
Mymensingh Med J.
2017; 26(4): 913–20. PubMed Abstract
- 263.
Kobayashi N, Ishii S:
[Effectiveness of clonidine in postoperative nausea and vomiting--epidural versus oral administration].
Masui.
1997; 46(4): 538–42. PubMed Abstract
- 264.
Segal IS, Jarvis DJ, Duncan SR, et al.:
Clinical efficacy of oral-transdermal clonidine combinations during the perioperative period.
Anesthesiology.
1991; 74(2): 220–5. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 265.
Allen TK, Mishriky BM, Klinger RY, et al.:
The impact of neuraxial clonidine on postoperative analgesia and perioperative adverse effects in women having elective Caesarean section–a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Br J Anaesth.
2018; 120(2): 228–40. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 266.
Shilpa SNG, Shailaja S, Hilda SS:
Comparison of Efficacy of Clonidine versus Ondansetron for Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting Post Thyroidectomy: A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.
J Clin Diagn Res.
2015; 9(5): UC01–3. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 267.
Samieirad S, Sharifian-Attar A, Eshghpour M, et al.:
Comparison of Ondansetron versus Clonidine efficacy for prevention of postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting after orthognathic surgeries: A triple blind randomized controlled trial.
Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal.
2018; 23(6): e767–e776. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 268.
Carvalho FAE, Tenório SB, Shiohara FT, et al.:
Randomized study of postcesarean analgesia with intrathecal morphine alone or combined with clonidine.
J Clin Anesth.
2016; 33: 395–402. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 269.
Munsterman C, Strauss P:
Early Rehydration in Surgical Patients With Prolonged Fasting Decreases Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2018; 33(5): 626–31. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 270.
Kim HJ, Choi SH, Eum D, et al.:
Is perioperative colloid infusion more effective than crystalloid in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting?: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Medicine (Baltimore).
2019; 98(7): e14339. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 271.
Apfel CC, Meyer A, Orhan-Sungur M, et al.:
Supplemental intravenous crystalloids for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: Quantitative review.
Br J Anaesth.
2012; 108(6): 893–902. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 272.
Jewer JK, Wong MJ, Bird SJ, et al.:
Supplemental perioperative intravenous crystalloids for postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2019; 3(3): CD012212. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 273.
Ashok V, Bala I, Bharti N, et al.:
Effects of intraoperative liberal fluid therapy on postoperative nausea and vomiting in children—A randomized controlled trial.
Paediatr Anaesth.
2017; 27(8): 810–5. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 274.
Chauvin C, Schalber-Geyer AS, Lefebvre F, et al.:
Early postoperative oral fluid intake in paediatric day case surgery influences the need for opioids and postoperative vomiting: A controlled randomized trial.
Br J Anaesth.
2017; 118(3): 407–14. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 275.
Mishra A, Pandey RK, Sharma A, et al.:
Is perioperative administration of 5% dextrose effective in reducing the incidence of PONV in laparoscopic cholecystectomy?: A randomized control trial.
J Clin Anesth.
2017; 40: 7–10. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 276.
Kim SH, Kim DH, Kim E, et al.:
Does perioperative intravenous dextrose reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ther Clin Risk Manag.
2018; 14: 2003–11. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 277.
Zorrilla-Vaca A, Marmolejo-Posso D, Stone A, et al.:
Perioperative Dextrose Infusion and Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials.
Anesth Analg.
2019; 129(4): 943–50. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 278.
Shibata C, Sasaki I, Naito H, et al.:
The herbal medicine Dai-Kenchu-Tou stimulates upper gut motility through cholinergic and 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptors in conscious dogs.
Surgery.
1999; 126(5): 918–24. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 279.
Abdel-Aziz H, Windeck T, Ploch M, et al.:
Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: Binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum.
Eur J Pharmacol.
2006; 530(1–2): 136–43. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 280.
Hu ML, Rayner CK, Wu KL, et al.:
Effect of ginger on gastric motility and symptoms of functional dyspepsia.
World J Gastroenterol.
2011; 17(1): 105–10. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 281.
Fahimi F, Khodadad K, Amini S, et al.:
Evaluating the effect of zingiber officinalis on nausea and vomiting in patients receiving Cisplatin based regimens.
Iran J Pharm Res.
2011; 10(2): 379–84. PubMed Abstract
| Free Full Text
- 282.
Adib-Hajbaghery M, Hosseini FS:
Investigating the effects of inhaling ginger essence on post-nephrectomy nausea and vomiting.
Complement Ther Med.
2015; 23(6): 827–31. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 283.
Ozgoli G, Goli M, Simbar M:
Effects of ginger capsules on pregnancy, nausea, and vomiting.
J Altern Complement Med.
2009; 15(3): 243–6. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 284.
Hall HG, Griffiths DL, McKenna LG:
The use of complementary and alternative medicine by pregnant women: A literature review.
Midwifery.
2011; 27(6): 817–24. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 285.
Shawahna R, Taha A:
Which potential harms and benefits of using ginger in the management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy should be addressed? a consensual study among pregnant women and gynecologists.
BMC Complement Altern Med.
2017; 17(1): 204. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 286.
Marx W, McCarthy AL, Ried K, et al.:
The Effect of a Standardized Ginger Extract on Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea-Related Quality of Life in Patients Undergoing Moderately or Highly Emetogenic Chemotherapy: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial.
Nutrients.
2017; 9(8): 867. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 287.
Albooghobeish M, Ghomeishi A, Adarvishi S, et al.:
The Effect of Preoperative Zintoma Capsule on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.
Anesth Pain Med.
2018; 8(5): e67132. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 288.
Soltani E, Jangjoo A, Aghaei MA, et al.:
Effects of preoperative administration of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
J Tradit Complement Med.
2018; 8(3): 387–90. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 289.
Bameshki A, Namaiee MH, Jangjoo A, et al.:
Effect of oral ginger on prevention of nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Electron Physician.
2018; 10(2): 6354–62. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 290.
Tóth B, Lantos T, Hegyi P, et al.:
Ginger (Zingiber officinale): An alternative for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. A meta-analysis.
Phytomedicine.
2018; 50: 8–18. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 291.
Hosseini FS, Adib-Hajbaghery M:
Ginger Essence Effect on Nausea and Vomiting After Open and Laparoscopic Nephrectomies.
Nurs Midwifery Stud.
2015; 4(2): e28625. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 292.
Mandal P, Das A, Majumdar S, et al.:
The efficacy of ginger added to ondansetron for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in ambulatory surgery.
Pharmacognosy Res.
2014; 6(1): 52–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 293.
Nanthakomon T, Pongrojpaw D:
The efficacy of ginger in prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after major gynecologic surgery.
J Med Assoc Thai.
2006; 89 Suppl 4: S130–6. PubMed Abstract
- 294.
Kalava A, Darji SJ, Kalstein A, et al.:
Efficacy of ginger on intraoperative and postoperative nausea and vomiting in elective cesarean section patients.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.
2013; 169(2): 184–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 295.
Zeraati H, Shahinfar J, Hesari SI, et al.:
The Effect of Ginger Extract on the Incidence and Severity of Nausea and Vomiting After Cesarean Section Under Spinal Anesthesia.
Anesth Pain Med.
2016; 6(5): e38943. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 296.
Lee YR, Shin HS:
Effectiveness of Ginger Essential Oil on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Abdominal Surgery Patients.
J Altern Complement Med.
2017; 23(3): 196–200. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 297.
Chaiyakunapruk N, Kitikannakorn N, Nathisuwan S, et al.:
The efficacy of ginger for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: A meta-analysis.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
2006; 194(1): 95–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 298.
Seidi J, Ebnerasooli S, Shahsawari S, et al.:
The Influence of Oral Ginger before Operation on Nausea and Vomiting after Cataract Surgery under General Anesthesia: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.
Electron Physician.
2017; 9(1): 3508–14. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 299.
Tavlan A, Tuncer S, Erol A, et al.:
Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after thyroidectomy: Combined antiemetic treatment with dexamethasone and ginger versus dexamethasone alone.
Clin Drug Investig.
2006; 26(4): 209–14. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 300.
Morin AM, Betz O, Kranke P, et al.:
[Is Ginger a Relevant Antiemetic for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting?].
Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther.
2004; 39(5): 281–5. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 301.
Arfeen Z, Owen H, Plummer JL, et al.:
A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Ginger for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.
Anaesth Intensive Care.
2019; 23(4): 449–52. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 302.
Eberhart LHJ, Mayer R, Betz O, et al.:
Ginger does not prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic surgery.
Anesth Analg.
2003; 96(4): 995–8, table of contents. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 303.
Wang SM, Hofstadter MB, Kain ZN:
An alternative method to alleviate postoperative nausea and vomiting in children.
J Clin Anesth.
1999; 11(3): 231–4. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 304.
Merritt BA, Okyere CP, Jasinski DM:
Isopropyl alcohol inhalation: Alternative treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Nurs Res.
2002; 51(2): 125–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 305.
Anderson LA, Gross JB:
Aromatherapy with peppermint, isopropyl alcohol, or placebo is equally effective in relieving postoperative nausea.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2004; 19(1): 29–35. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 306.
Beadle KL, Helbling AR, Love SL, et al.:
Isopropyl Alcohol Nasal Inhalation for Nausea in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Ann Emerg Med.
2016; 68(1): 1–9.e1. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 307.
Verma DK, Bansal S, Sharma P, et al.:
Control of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Patients with Isopropyl Alcohol: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial.
J Maxillofac Oral Surg.
2018; 17(4): 576–81. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 308.
Asay K, Olson C, Donnelly J, et al.:
The Use of Aromatherapy in Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2019; 34(3): 502–16. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 309.
Mcilvoy L, Richmer L, Kramer D, et al.:
The Efficacy of Aromatherapy in the Treatment of Postdischarge Nausea in Patients Undergoing Outpatient Abdominal Surgery.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2015; 30(5): 383–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 310.
Karaman S, Karaman T, Tapar H, et al.:
A randomized placebo-controlled study of aromatherapy for the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Complement Ther Med.
2019; 42: 417–21. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 311.
Brown L, Danda L, Fahey TJ:
A Quality Improvement Project to Determine the Effect of Aromatherapy on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in a Short-Stay Surgical Population.
AORN J.
2018; 108(4): 361–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 312.
Stallings-Welden LM, Doerner M, Ketchem E, et al.:
A Comparison of Aromatherapy to Standard Care for Relief of PONV and PDNV in Ambulatory Surgical Patients.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2018; 33(2): 116–28. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 313.
Hodge NS, McCarthy MS, Pierce RM:
A prospective randomized study of the effectiveness of aromatherapy for relief of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2014; 29(1): 5–11. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 314.
Hines S, Steels E, Chang A, et al.:
Aromatherapy for treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2018; 3(3): CD007598. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 315.
Hines S, Steels E, Chang A, et al.:
Aromatherapy for treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2012; (4): CD007598. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 316.
Lane B, Cannella K, Bowen C, et al.:
Examination of the Effectiveness of Peppermint Aromatherapy on Nausea in Women Post C-Section.
J Holist Nurs.
2012; 30(2): 90–104. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 317.
Ferruggiari L, Ragione B, Rich ER, et al.:
The effect of aromatherapy on postoperative nausea in women undergoing surgical procedures.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2012; 27(4): 246–51. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 318.
Kiberd MB, Clarke SK, Chorney J, et al.:
Aromatherapy for the treatment of PONV in children: A pilot RCT.
BMC Complement Altern Med.
2016; 16(1): 450. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 319.
Fan CF, Tanhui E, Joshi S, et al.:
Acupressure treatment for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Anesth Analg.
1997; 84(4): 821–5. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 320.
Alkaissi A, Evertsson K, Johnsson VA, et al.:
P6 acupressure may relieve nausea and vomiting after gynecological surgery: An effectiveness study in 410 women.
Can J Anaesth.
2002; 49(10): 1034–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 321.
Rusy LM, Hoffman GM, Weisman SJ:
Electroacupuncture prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting following pediatric tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy.
Anesthesiology.
2002; 96(2): 300–5. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 322.
Albooghobeish M, Mohtadi A, Saidkhani V, et al.:
Comparison Between Effects of Acupuncture and Metoclopramide on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting after Gynaecological Laparoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Anesth Pain Med.
2017; 7(5): e12876. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 323.
Constantine FC, Matarasso A:
Putting It All Together: Recommendations for Improving Pain Management in Body Contouring.
Plast Reconstr Surg.
2014; 134(4 Suppl 2): 113S–119S. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 324.
Larson JD, Gutowski KA, Marcus BC, et al.:
The effect of electroacustimulation on postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pain in outpatient plastic surgery patients: A prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical trial.
Plast Reconstr Surg.
2010; 125(3): 989–94. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 325.
Lee A, Done ML:
The use of nonpharmacologic techniques to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting: A meta-analysis.
Anesth Analg.
1999; 88(6): 1362–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 326.
Lu C, Du JY, Fang JQ, et al.:
[The curative effect observation of different frequency of TEAS combined with wristband pressing on Neiguan (PC 6) for nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy].
Zhongguo Zhen Jiu.
2019; 39(1): 9–15. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 327.
Gan TJ, Jiao KR, Zenn M, et al.:
A randomized controlled comparison of electro-acupoint stimulation or ondansetron versus placebo for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Anesth Analg.
2004; 99(4): 1070–5, table of contents. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 328.
Lee A, Fan LT:
Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point P6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2009; (2): CD003281. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 329.
Gouveia F, Oliveira C, Losa N:
Acupuncture in the Management of Intraoperative Nausea and Vomiting.
J Acupunct Meridian Stud.
2016; 9(6): 325–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 330.
Moore CB, Hickey AH:
Increasing Access to Auricular Acupuncture for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2017; 32(2): 96–105. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 331.
Carr KL, Johnson FE, Kenaan CA, et al.:
Effects of P6 stimulation on postoperative nausea and vomiting in laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2015; 30(2): 143–50. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 332.
Farhadi K, Choubsaz M, Setayeshi K, et al.:
The Effectiveness of Dry-Cupping in Preventing Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting by P6 Acupoint Stimulation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Medicine (Baltimore).
2016; 95(38): e4770. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 333.
Lee S, Lee MS, Choi DH, et al.:
Electroacupuncture on PC6 prevents opioid-induced nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic surgery.
Chin J Integr Med.
2013; 19(4): 277–81. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 334.
Ünülü M, Kaya N:
The Effect of Neiguan Point (P6) Acupressure With Wristband on Postoperative Nausea, Vomiting, and Comfort Level: A Randomized Controlled Study.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2018; 33(6): 915–27. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 335.
Stott A:
Examining the efficacy of stimulating the PC6 wrist acupuncture point for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting: A Cochrane review summary.
Int J Nurs Stud.
2016; 64: 139–41. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 336.
Stoicea N, Gan TJ, Joseph N, et al.:
Alternative Therapies for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.
Front Med (Lausanne).
2015; 2: 87. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 337.
Kwon JH, Shin Y, Juon HS:
Effects of Nei-Guan (P6) Acupressure Wristband: On Nausea, Vomiting, and Retching in Women After Thyroidectomy.
Cancer Nurs.
2016; 39(1): 61–6. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 338.
Sun R, Dai W, Liu Y, et al.:
Non-needle acupoint stimulation for prevention of nausea and vomiting after breast surgery: A meta-analysis.
Medicine (Baltimore).
2019; 98(10): e14713. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 339.
Li S, Zheng M, Wu W, et al.:
Effects of Electroacupuncture Administered 24 hours Prior to Surgery on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting and Pain in Patients Undergoing Gynecologic Laparoscopic Surgery: A Feasibility Study.
Explore (NY).
2017; 13(5): 313–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 340.
Hofmann D, Murray C, Beck J, et al.:
Acupressure in Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in High-Risk Ambulatory Surgical Patients.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2017; 32(4): 271–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 341.
Oh H, Kim BH:
Comparing Effects of Two Different Types of Nei-Guan Acupuncture Stimulation Devices in Reducing Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2017; 32(3): 177–87. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 342.
Feng C, Popovic J, Kline R, et al.:
Auricular Acupressure in the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Emesis A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Bull Hosp Jt Dis (2013).
2017; 75(2): 114–8. PubMed Abstract
- 343.
Weeks EM, Trinca J, Zheng Z:
Knowledge of and willingness to try acupuncture for postoperative nausea and vomiting: An Australian survey of surgical patients.
Acupunct Med.
2017; 35(5): 345–51. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 344.
Liu Y, Wang M, Li Q, et al.:
[Impacts of transcutaneous acupoint electric stimulation on the postoperative nausea and vomiting and plasma 5-HT concentration after cesarean section].
Zhongguo Zhen Jiu.
2015; 35(10): 1039–43. PubMed Abstract
- 345.
Lin M, Xiong X, Wei W:
Effect of auricular point therapy combined with transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation on prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing partial breast resection.
J Pract Med.
2015; 31: 1858–60.
- 346.
Pan F, Gong H, He B, et al.:
Preventive and therapeutic effects of different acupoints and stimulating methods on nausea and vomiting after breast surgery.
J New Chin Med.
2014; 46: 169–71.
- 347.
Wang Z, Zeng F, Qian B:
Effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation on postoperative recovery quality after breast cancer surgery.
Med J West China.
2017; 29: 1233–6.
- 348.
Zhou W, Hu L, Ye J, et al.:
Effect of percutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation on adverse reactions after modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer.
Chin J Rural Med Pharm.
2017; 24: 27–8.
- 349.
Quinlan-Woodward J, Gode A, Dusek JA, et al.:
Assessing the Impact of Acupuncture on Pain, Nausea, Anxiety, and Coping in Women Undergoing a Mastectomy.
Oncol Nurs Forum.
2016; 43(6): 725–32. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 350.
Pouy S, Etebarian A, Azizi-Qadikolaee A, et al.:
The effect of acupuncture on postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting after pediatric tonsillectomy: A systematic review.
Int J Adolesc Med Health.
2019. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 351.
Shin HC, Kim JS, Lee SK, et al.:
The effect of acupuncture on postoperative nausea and vomiting after pediatric tonsillectomy: A meta-analysis and systematic review.
Laryngoscope.
2016; 126(8): 1761–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 352.
Özmert S, Salman N, Sever F, et al.:
Acupuncture as an Antiemetic in Children who Underwent Adenoidectomy and/or Tonsillectomy.
Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim.
2016; 44(1): 7–12. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 353.
Liodden I, Howley M, Grimsgaard AS, et al.:
Perioperative Acupuncture and Postoperative Acupressure Can Prevent Postoperative Vomiting following Paediatric Tonsillectomy Or Adenoidectomy: A Pragmatic Randomised Controlled Trial.
Acupunct Med.
2018; 29(1): 9–15. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 354.
Shin BC:
Acupuncture for post- tonsillectomy pain: evidence from a recent randomized clinical trial.
Longhua Chinese Medicine.
2018; Icm.amegroups.com. Publisher Full Text
- 355.
Ochi JW, Richardson AC:
Intraoperative pediatric acupuncture is widely accepted by parents.
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol.
2018; 110: 12–5. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 356.
Ghezelbash S, Khosravi M:
Acupressure for nausea-vomiting and fatigue management in acute lymphoblastic leukemia children.
J Nurs Midwifery Sci.
2017; 4(3): 75–81. Publisher Full Text
- 357.
Goel H, Mathur S, Sandhu M, et al.:
Effect of Low-level LASER Therapy on P6 Acupoint to Control Gag Reflex in Children: A Clinical Trial.
J Acupunct Meridian Stud.
2017; 10(5): 317–23. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 358.
Butkovic D, Toljan S, Matolic M, et al.:
Comparison of laser acupuncture and metoclopramide in PONV prevention in children.
Paediatr Anaesth.
2005; 15(1): 37–40. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 359.
Barsoum G, Perry EP, Fraser IA:
Postoperative nausea is relieved by acupressure.
J R Soc Med.
1990; 83(2): 86–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 360.
Varejão CdS, Santo FHdE:
Laser Acupuncture for Relieving Nausea and Vomiting in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Single-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial.
J Pediatr Oncol Nurs.
2018; 36(1): 44–54. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 361.
Martin CS, Deverman SE, Norvell DC, et al.:
Randomized trial of acupuncture with antiemetics for reducing postoperative nausea in children.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.
2019; 63(3): 292–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 362.
Hasheminasab FS, Ayati MH:
A review on the efficacy of acupuncture to prevent nausea and vomiting after strabismus surgery.
Trad Integr Med.
2017; 2(2): 90–7. Reference Source
- 363.
Yilmaz Sahin S, Iyigun E, Can MF:
Effect of acupressure application to the P6 acupoint before laparoscopic cholecystectomy on postoperative nausea-vomiting: A randomized controlled clinical study.
Int J Nurs Stud.
2018; 87: 40–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 364.
Liu WH, Hao Y, Han YJ, et al.:
Analysis and Thoughts about the Negative Results of International Clinical Trials on Acupuncture.
Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.
2015; 2015: 671242. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 365.
Christensen KA, Gosse BJ, Hildebrand C, et al.:
Acupuncture-Associated Vasovagal Response: Revised Terminology and Hospital Experience.
Med Acupunct.
2017; 29(6): 366–76. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 366.
Gilbert RT, Farish N, Bergland E, et al.:
The Use of Short-Term Acupressure to Prevent Long-Term PONV: Was This a Case of Too Little, Too Late?
J Perianesth Nurs.
2017; 32(5): 445–52. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 367.
Jernigan AM, Chen CCG, Sewell C:
A randomized trial of chewing gum to prevent postoperative ileus after laparotomy for benign gynecologic surgery.
Int J Gynaecol Obstet.
2014; 127(3): 279–82. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 368.
Darvall JN, Handscombe M, Leslie K:
Chewing gum for the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting: A pilot randomized controlled trial.
Br J Anaesth.
2017; 118(1): 83–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 369.
Ciardulli A, Saccone G, Di Mascio D, et al.:
Chewing gum improves postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function after cesarean delivery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.
2018; 31(14): 1924–32. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 370.
Xu C, Peng J, Liu S, et al.:
Effect of chewing gum on gastrointestinal function after gynecological surgery: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.
J Obstet Gynaecol Res.
2018; 44(5): 936–43. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 371.
Ge B, Zhao H, Lin R, et al.:
Influence of gum-chewing on postoperative bowel activity after laparoscopic surgery for gastric cancer: A randomized controlled trial.
Medicine (Baltimore).
2017; 96(13): e6501. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 372.
Mason KP:
Pediatric Sedation Outside of the Operating Room: A Multispecialty International Collaboration. New York: Springer. 2015. Publisher Full Text
- 373.
Hole J, Hirsch M, Ball E, et al.:
Music as an aid for postoperative recovery in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Lancet.
2015; 386(10004): 1659–71. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 374.
Flanagan DA, Kerin A:
How is intraoperative music therapy beneficial to adult patients undergoing general anesthesia? A systematic review.
Anesthesia eJ.
2017; 5(2): 5–13. Reference Source
- 375.
Nilsson U, Rawal N, Uneståhl LE, et al.:
Improved recovery after music and therapeutic suggestions during general anaesthesia: A double-blind randomised controlled trial.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.
2001; 45(7): 812–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 376.
Allred KD, Byers JF, Sole ML:
The effect of music on postoperative pain and anxiety.
Pain Manag Nurs.
2010; 11(1): 15–25. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 377.
Kahloul M, Mhamdi S, Nakhli MS, et al.:
Effects of music therapy under general anesthesia in patients undergoing abdominal surgery.
Libyan J Med.
2017; 12(1): 1260886. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 378.
Palmer JB, Lane D, Mayo D, et al.:
Effects of Music Therapy on Anesthesia Requirements and Anxiety in Women Undergoing Ambulatory Breast Surgery for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
J Clin Oncol.
2015; 33(28): 3162–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 379.
Bradt J, Dileo C, Shim M:
Music interventions for preoperative anxiety.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2013; (6): CD006908. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 380.
van der Heijden MJE, Oliai Araghi S, van Dijk M, et al.:
The Effects of Perioperative Music Interventions in Pediatric Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
PLoS One.
2015; 10(8): e0133608. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 381.
Sin WM, Chow KM:
Effect of Music Therapy on Postoperative Pain Management in Gynecological Patients: A Literature Review.
Pain Manag Nurs.
2015; 16(6): 978–87. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 382.
Manyande A, Cyna AM, Yip P, et al.:
Non-pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2015; (7): CD006447. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 383.
Good M, Anderson GC, Ahn S, et al.:
Relaxation and music reduce pain following intestinal surgery.
Res Nurs Health.
2005; 28(3): 240–51. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 384.
Good M, Anderson GC, Stanton-Hicks M, et al.:
Relaxation and music reduce pain after gynecologic surgery.
Pain Management Nursing.
2002; 3(2): 61–70. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 385.
Binns-Turner PG, Wilson LL, Pryor ER, et al.:
Perioperative music and its effects on anxiety, hemodynamics, and pain in women undergoing mastectomy.
AANA J.
2011; 79(4 Suppl): S21–7. PubMed Abstract
- 386.
Bringman H, Giesecke K, Thörne A, et al.:
Relaxing music as pre-medication before surgery: A randomised controlled trial.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.
2009; 53(6): 759–64. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 387.
Madson AT, Silverman MJ:
The Effect of Music Therapy on Relaxation, Anxiety, Pain Perception, and Nausea in Adult Solid Organ Transplant Patients.
J Music Ther.
2010; 47(3): 220–32. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 388.
Jayaraman L, Sharma S, Sethi N, et al.:
Does intraoperative music therapy or positive therapeutic suggestions during general anaesthesia affect the postoperative outcome? - A double blind randomised controlled.
Indian J. Anaesth.
2006; 50(4): 258–61. Reference Source
- 389.
Çetinkaya F:
The effects of listening to music on the postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Complement Ther Clin Pract.
2019; 35: 278–83. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 390.
Gokçek E, Kaydu A:
The effects of music therapy in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty surgery under general anesthesia.
Braz J Otorhinolaryngol.
2019; S1808-8694(18)30606-2. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 391.
Kurdi MS, Gasti V:
Intraoperative Meditation Music as an Adjunct to Subarachnoid Block for the Improvement of Postoperative Outcomes Following Cesarean Section: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Comparative Study.
Anesth Essays Res.
2018; 12(3): 618–24. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 392.
Çankaya A, Saritaş S:
Effect of Classic Foot Massage on Vital Signs, Pain, and Nausea/Vomiting Symptoms After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.
Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech.
2018; 28(6): 359–65. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 393.
Johns DE, Gerling V, Pasker-de Jong PCM:
Ice pops in the recovery room: Effects on postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Br J Anaesth.
2017; 118(4): 637–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 394.
Li G, Lin L, Dai F, et al.:
Muscular tissue oxygen saturation during robotic hysterectomy and postoperative nausea and vomiting: Exploring the potential therapeutic thresholds.
J Clin Monit Comput.
2019; 33(4): 597–604. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 395.
Guo W, Ding J, Jin X, et al.:
Effect of cerebral oxygen saturation on postoperative nausea and vomiting in female laparoscopic surgery patients.
Medicine (Baltimore).
2017; 96(41): e8275. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 396.
Alghanem SM, Massad IM, Rashed EM, et al.:
Optimization of anesthesia antiemetic measures versus combination therapy using dexamethasone or ondansetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Surg Endosc.
2010; 24(2): 353–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 397.
Tang J, Chen X, White PF, et al.:
Antiemetic prophylaxis for office-based surgery: Are the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists beneficial?
Anesthesiology.
2003; 98(2): 293–8. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 398.
Eberhart LHJ, Mauch M, Morin AM, et al.:
Impact of a multimodal anti-emetic prophylaxis on patient satisfaction in high-risk patients for postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Anaesthesia.
2002; 57(10): 1022–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 399.
Pym A, Ben-Menachem E:
The effect of a multifaceted postoperative nausea and vomiting reduction strategy on prophylaxis administration amongst higher-risk adult surgical patients.
Anaesth Intensive Care.
2018; 46(2): 185–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 400.
Tabrizi S, Malhotra V, Turnbull ZA, et al.:
Implementation of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Guidelines for Female Adult Patients Undergoing Anesthesia During Gynecologic and Breast Surgery in an Ambulatory Setting.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2019; 34(4): 851–60. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Faculty Opinions Recommendation
- 401.
Walldén J, Flodin J, Hultin M:
Validation of a prediction model for post-discharge nausea and vomiting after general anaesthesia in a cohort of Swedish ambulatory surgery patients.
Eur J Anaesthesiol.
2016; 33(10): 743–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 402.
King AB, Spann MD, Jablonski P, et al.:
An enhanced recovery program for bariatric surgical patients significantly reduces perioperative opioid consumption and postoperative nausea.
Surg Obes Relat Dis.
2018; 14(6): 849–56. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 403.
Scuderi PE, James RL, Harris L, et al.:
Multimodal Antiemetic Management Prevents Early Postoperative Vomiting After Outpatient Laparoscopy.
Anesth Analg.
2000; 91(6): 1408–14. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 404.
Bruderer U, Fisler A, Steurer MP, et al.:
Post-discharge nausea and vomiting after total intravenous anaesthesia and standardised PONV prophylaxis for ambulatory surgery.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.
2017; 61(7): 758–66. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 405.
Bergese SD, Antor MA, Uribe AA, et al.:
Triple Therapy with Scopolamine, Ondansetron, and Dexamethasone for Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Moderate to High-Risk Patients Undergoing Craniotomy Under General Anesthesia: A Pilot Study.
Front Med (Lausanne).
2015; 2: 40. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 406.
Henzi I, Walder B, Tramèr MR:
Dexamethasone for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Quantitative Systematic Review.
Anesth Analg.
2000; 90(1): 186–94. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 407.
Singh LD, Singh YN, Singh NR, et al.:
A comparative study between ramosetron and granisetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
J Med Soc.
2013; 27(3): 194–198. Publisher Full Text
- 408.
Chu CC, Shieh JP, Tzeng JI, et al.:
The prophylactic effect of haloperidol plus dexamethasone on postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy.
Anesth Analg.
2008; 106(5): 1402–6. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 409.
Habib AS, El-Moalem HE, Gan TJ:
The efficacy of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists combined with droperidol for PONV prophylaxis is similar to their combination with dexamethasone. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Can J Anesth.
2004; 51(4): 311–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 410.
Maddali MM, Mathew J, Fahr J, et al.:
Postoperative nausea and vomiting in diagnostic gynaecological laparoscopic procedures: Comparison of the efficacy of the combination of dexamethasone and metoclopramide with that of dexamethasone and ondansetron.
J Postgrad Med.
2003; 49(4): 302–6. PubMed Abstract
- 411.
Gan TJ, Franiak R, Reeves J:
Ondansetron orally disintegrating tablet versus placebo for the prevention of postdischarge nausea and vomiting after ambulatory surgery.
Anesth Analg.
2002; 94(5): 1199–200. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 412.
Dewinter G, Staelens W, Veef E, et al.:
Simplified algorithm for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: A before-and-after study.
Br J Anaesth.
2018; 120(1): 156–63. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 413.
Kumar A, Solanki SL, Gangakhedkar GR, et al.:
Comparison of palonosetron and dexamethasone with ondansetron and dexamethasone for postoperative nausea and vomiting in postchemotherapy ovarian cancer surgeries requiring opioid-based patient-controlled analgesia: A randomised, double-blind, active controlled study.
Indian J Anaesth.
2018; 62(10): 773–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 414.
Ryu JH, Jeon YT, Min B, et al.:
Effects of palonosetron for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting in high-risk patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
PLoS One.
2018; 13(5): e0196388. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 415.
Tramèr MR:
A rational approach to the control of postoperative nausea and vomiting: Evidence from systematic reviews. Part I. Efficacy and harm of antiemetic interventions, and methodological issues.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.
2001; 45(1): 4–13. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 416.
Gan TJ, Coop A, Philip BK:
A Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Granisetron Plus Dexamethasone Versus Ondansetron Plus Dexamethasone to Prevent Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Hysterectomy.
Anesth Analg.
2005; 101(5): 1323–9. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 417.
White PF, Watcha MF:
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Prophylaxis Versus Treatment.
Anesth Analg.
1999; 89(6): 1337. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 418.
Gillmann HJ, Wasilenko S, Züger J, et al.:
Standardised electronic algorithms for monitoring prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Arch Med Sci.
2019; 15(2): 408–15. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 419.
Habib AS, Reuveni J, Taguchi A, et al.:
A comparison of ondansetron with promethazine for treating postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients who received prophylaxis with ondansetron: A retrospective database analysis.
Anesth Analg.
2007; 104(3): 548–51. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 420.
Habib AS, Gan TJ:
The effectiveness of rescue antiemetics after failure of prophylaxis with ondansetron or droperidol: A preliminary report.
J Clin Anesth.
2005; 17(1): 62–5. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 421.
Brookes CD, Berry J, Rich J, et al.:
Multimodal protocol reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing Le Fort I osteotomy.
J Oral Maxillofac Surg.
2015; 73(3): 324–32. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 422.
Mayeur C, Robin E, Kipnis E, et al.:
Impact of a prophylactic strategy on the incidence of nausea and vomiting after general surgery.
Ann Fr Anesth Reanim.
2012; 31(2): e53–e57. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 423.
Myklejord DJ, Yao L, Liang H, et al.:
Consensus guideline adoption for managing postoperative nausea and vomiting.
WMJ.
2012; 111(5): 207–13; quiz 214. PubMed Abstract
- 424.
Yazbeck-Karam VG, Siddik-Sayyid SM, Barakat HB, et al.:
Haloperidol Versus Ondansetron for Treatment of Established Nausea and Vomiting Following General Anesthesia: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Anesth Analg.
2017; 124(2): 438–44. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 425.
Hu X, Fang T, Gong L:
Higher dose of palonosetron versus lower dose of palonosetron plus droperidol to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting after eye enucleation and orbital hydroxyapatite implant surgery: A randomized, double-blind trial.
Drug Des Devel Ther.
2017; 11: 1465–72. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 426.
Rüsch D, Eberhart LHJ, Wallenborn J, et al.:
Nausea and vomiting after surgery under general anesthesia: An evidence-based review concerning risk assessment, prevention, and treatment.
Dtsch Arztebl Int.
2010; 107(42): 733–41. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 427.
Rüsch D, Arndt C, Martin H, et al.:
The addition of dexamethasone to dolasetron or haloperidol for treatment of established postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Anaesthesia.
2007; 62(8): 810–7. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 428.
Therneau IW, Martin EE, Sprung J, et al.:
The Role of Aprepitant in Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Bariatric Surgery.
Obes Surg.
2018; 28(1): 37–43. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 429.
Trimas SJ, Trimas MD:
Use of Aprepitant and Factors Associated With Incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing Facial Plastic Surgery.
JAMA Facial Plast Surg.
2015; 17(4): 251–5. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 430.
Thomas JS, Maple IK, Norcross W, et al.:
Preoperative Risk Assessment to Guide Prophylaxis and Reduce the Incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.
J Perianesth Nurs.
2019; 34(1): 74–85. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 431.
Fearon JA, Dimas V, Ditthakasem K, et al.:
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Oral Versus Intravenous Administration of a Nonnarcotic Analgesia Protocol Following Pediatric Craniosynostosis Corrections on Nausea and Vomiting Rates.
J Craniofac Surg.
2015; 26(6): 1951–3. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 432.
White PF:
What are the advantages of non-opioid analgesic techniques in the management of acute and chronic pain?
Expert Opin Pharmacother.
2017; 18(4): 329–33. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 433.
Gärtner R, Kroman N, Callesen T, et al.:
Multimodal prevention of pain, nausea and vomiting after breast cancer surgery.
Minerva Anestesiol.
2010; 76(10): 805–13. PubMed Abstract
- 434.
Tan M, Law LSC, Gan TJ:
Optimizing pain management to facilitate Enhanced Recovery After Surgery pathways.
Can J Anaesth.
2015; 62(2): 203–18. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 435.
Azhar RA, Bochner B, Catto J, et al.:
Enhanced Recovery after Urological Surgery: A Contemporary Systematic Review of Outcomes, Key Elements, and Research Needs.
Eur Urol.
2016; 70(1): 176–87. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 436.
Ziemann-Gimmel P, Goldfarb AA, Koppman J, et al.:
Opioid-free total intravenous anaesthesia reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting in bariatric surgery beyond triple prophylaxis.
Br J Anaesth.
2014; 112(5): 906–11. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 437.
Peyton PJ, Wu CY:
Nitrous Oxide-related Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Depends on Duration of Exposure.
Anesthesiology.
2014; 120(5): 1137–45. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 438.
Myles PS, Chan MTV, Kasza J, et al.:
Severe Nausea and Vomiting in the Evaluation of Nitrous Oxide in the Gas Mixture for Anesthesia II Trial.
Anesthesiology.
2016; 124(5): 1032–40. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 439.
Janhunen L, Tammisto T:
Postoperative vomiting after different modes of general anaesthesia.
Ann Chir Gynaecol Fenn.
1972; 61(3): 152–9. PubMed Abstract
- 440.
Cheng CR, Sessler DI, Apfel CC:
Does Neostigmine Administration Produce a Clinically Important Increase in Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting?
Anesth Analg.
2005; 101(5): 1349–55. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 441.
Lee OH, Choi GJ, Kang H, et al.:
Effects of sugammadex vs. pyridostigmine-glycopyrrolate on post-operative nausea and vomiting: Propensity score matching.
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.
2017; 61(1): 39–45. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 442.
Yağan O, Taş N, Mutlu T, et al.:
Comparison of the effects of sugammadex and neostigmine on postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Braz J Anesthesiol.
2017; 67(2): 147–52. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 443.
Tas Tuna A, Palabiyik O, et al.:
Does Sugammadex Administration Affect Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized Study.
Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech.
2017; 27(4): 237–40. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 444.
Manahan MA, Johnson DJ, Gutowski KA, et al.:
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting with Plastic Surgery: A Practical Advisory to Etiology, Impact, and Treatment.
Plast Reconstr Surg.
2018; 141(1): 214–22. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
Comments on this article Comments (0)