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光肩星天牛 (Anoplophora glabripennis) 属鞘翅目天牛科 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae),是我国“三北”地区危害最为严重的蛀干害虫,也是重要的国际检疫害虫[1-2]。文献记录其在我国北方地区2~3 a 繁殖1代,老熟幼虫4—5月化蛹,成虫6—8月大量羽化,补充营养并交配产卵[3],但据我们实地调查,光肩星天牛在内蒙古磴口县1 a可以完成1代。
沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)树高4~6 m,具有耐寒旱、盐碱和抗风沙特性,在我国主要分布于34° N以北和海拔1 500 m以下地区,是我国西北地区防风固沙和水土保持的主要树种[4-5]。沙枣可吸引光肩星天牛产卵,但其能流出树胶使天牛后代不能发育,因此被认为具有诱杀天牛的特性[6-7]。
我国西北地区土地干旱贫瘠、盐碱地多、风沙较大,很多树种不宜生存。新疆杨 (Populus alba var. pyramidalis)因其树体高大、干形通直、耐干旱、耐贫瘠,对光肩星天牛有一定的抗性,是目前西北地区二代防护林构建的主栽树种。长期单一栽植也使其受到天牛的危害,因此构建合理的混交防护林体系是实现虫害生态调控的必要手段[8]。目前常以合作杨(Populus simonii × P.pyramidalis cv‘Opera 8277’)、箭杆杨(Populus nigra var. thevestina)、复叶槭(Acer negundo L.)等作为诱饵树,加以化学农药和人工物理捕杀的方式来保护新疆杨免遭天牛危害[8-10],然而这种方式费时费力,如果对诱饵树处理不当反而成为虫源木。沙枣对光肩星天牛具有一定的诱杀特性,且侧根发达能生出很多根瘤提高土壤肥力,因此有研究者认为将沙枣与新疆杨间作可形成很好的防风沙林[11-13]。但沙枣对天牛的诱杀特性是否可对新疆杨起到较好的保护效果,目前尚不可知。本研究以沙枣和新疆杨为对象,结合室内、外试验评估了成虫对二者的选择性,为将来营造新一代抗虫农田防护林提供理论依据。
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在单选试验中(图1),雄虫对沙枣枝叶的选择数为30头,与对照相比存在极显著差异(χ2=10.411, P<0.01);对新疆杨枝叶的选择数为25头,与对照相比差异不显著(χ2=3.238, P>0.05)。雌虫对沙枣枝叶的选择数为29头,与对照相比存在极显著差异(χ2=8.584, P<0.01);对新疆杨枝叶的选择数为15头,与对照相比无显著差异(χ2=0.689, P>0.05),以上每组选择中未作出选择的试虫数均未超过5头。
图 1 光肩星天牛成虫在Y型嗅觉仪中对不同植物气味物质的选择反应
Figure 1. Behavioral responses of Anoplophora glabripennis adults to different plant odors in Y-tube olfactometer
在双选实验中(图1),雄虫选择沙枣枝叶19头,选择新疆杨枝叶17头,未作出选择4头,雄虫对于二者选择无显著性差异(χ2=0.191,P>0.05);雌虫选择沙枣枝叶25头,选择新疆杨枝叶6头,未作出选择4头,雌虫选择沙枣枝叶气味的成虫数占作出选择成虫数的80.65%(χ2=8.533,P<0.01)。
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经GC-MS共鉴定新疆杨枝叶挥发物28种,其中酮类3种、酚类2种、醇类2种、酯类7种、醛类5种和烃类9种;从沙枣枝叶共鉴定出15种化合物,其中芳香类1种、烯类3种、醛类2种、酯类5种、醇类3种和酚类1种。二者相同种类的化合物共有6种,分别是:2-已烯醛、乙酸己酯、乙酸叶醇酯、顺-3-己烯基丁酯、叶醇和水杨酸甲酯。
由于主要关注雌虫的产卵选择性,因此本研究只对雌虫开展了触角电位试验。通过GC-EAD检测发现新疆杨释放的叶醇(cis-3-Hexen-1-ol)和乙酸叶醇酯(cis-3-Hexenyl acetate)可引起雌虫的触角电生理反应。沙枣挥发性物质中3-蒈烯(3-carene)、乙酸叶醇酯和叶醇可引起雌虫触角电生理反应。上述引起光肩星天牛触角反应的物质在含量及比例上存在着明显的差异。经计算,新疆杨枝叶挥发性物质中乙酸叶醇酯为2 640.1 ng·min−1、叶醇520.84 ng·min−1;沙枣枝叶挥发性物质中乙酸叶醇酯为2 227.44 ng·min−1、叶醇196.05 ng·min−1;沙枣和新疆杨中乙酸叶醇酯之比为1 : 1.19,叶醇之比为1 : 2.66。上述物质的种类和含量不同,引起的电信号刺激的强弱程度也不相同,叶醇的电生理反应强于乙酸叶醇酯。
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在单选实验中,成虫分别在新疆杨和沙枣树干上的刻槽数量没有显著差异(t=−2.500, df=4, P>0.05);但有效刻槽率具显著性差异(t=3.162, df=4, P<0.05),沙枣树干上的有效刻槽率较低;沙枣树干上的卵孵化率低于新疆杨树干(t=25.166, df=4, P<0.001);幼虫存活率无显著性差异(t=0.069, df=4, P>0.05);幼虫体质量有极显著性差异(t=−3.499, df=15, P<0.01)(见表1)。
表 1 室内光肩星天牛在沙枣和新疆杨树干上的产卵试验
Table 1. Oviposition experiments of Anoplophora glabripennis on stems of Elaeagnus angustifolia and Populus alba. var. pyramidalis in laboratory
方法
Method树种
Tree species平均刻槽数
Average number of
egg niche有效刻槽率
Percent of
effective egg niche/%孵化率
Egg hatching
rate/%幼虫存活率
Survival rate of
larvae/%存活幼虫体质量均值
Average weight of
living larvae/mg单选 Single choice P 8.33±1.53 a 75.00±5.00 a 100±0 a 52.67±0.09 a 51±18 b E 15.00±4.36 a 58.33±7.64 b 57.33±2.94 b 51.90±0.17 a 81±16 a 双选 Double choice P 4.67±1.15 a 72.23±4.79 a 100±0 a 78.63±18.55 a 54±22 a E 18.00±1.73 b 58.90±10.31 a 65.43±8.49 b 53.73±15.86 a 81±31 b 注:数据为平均值±标准误;P代表新疆杨,E代表沙枣;同列不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),下同
Notes: Data are means±standard error (SE); P, represents P. alba. var. pyramidalis, E, represents E. angustifolia; Different letters in the same column mean significant difference at 0.05 level. The same below双选实验中,成虫在沙枣树干上的平均刻槽数(18 ± 1.73)远多于新疆杨(4.67 ± 1.15)(t=−11.094, df=4, P<0.01);新疆杨上的有效刻槽率略多于沙枣,但不显著(t=2.032, df=4, P>0.05);新疆杨树干上的卵孵化率显著高于沙枣(t=7.053, df=2, P<0.05);幼虫存活率没有显著性差异(t=1.767, df=4, P>0.05);沙枣上的幼虫体质量显著大于新疆杨上的幼虫体质量(t=−2.116, df=23, P<0.05)。
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在林间套笼情况下,天牛成虫在新疆杨和沙枣树上的平均刻槽产卵数没有显著差异(t=-0.758, df=6, P>0.05)(表2),但幼虫在新疆杨上的存活率显著高于在沙枣树上的存活率(t=17.837, df=2, P<0.01),说明沙枣树不适合光肩星天牛幼虫存活。
表 2 光肩星天牛在沙枣和新疆杨立木上的产卵结果
Table 2. Oviposition of Anoplophora glabripennis adults on Elaeagnus angustifolia and Populus alba. var. pyramidalis in the field
树种
Tree
species平均刻槽产卵数
Average number of
egg niche per tree幼虫存活率
Survival rate of
larvae/%存活幼虫平均体质量
Average weight of
living larvae/mgP 33.67±4.72 a 48.67±4.72 a 37.00±5 a E 36.00±3.94 a 0 b 0 b
光肩星天牛对沙枣和新疆杨的偏好性
Preference of Anoplophora glabripennis to Populus alba var. pyramidalis and Elaeagnus angustifolia
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摘要:
目的 新疆杨是目前我国西北地区防护林建设的首选树种,长期单一化的种植模式使其受到了光肩星天牛的较大危害。沙枣对光肩星天牛有一定的诱杀效应,但是否可用于保护新疆杨尚不清楚。 方法 本研究通过测试光肩星天牛成虫对新疆杨和沙枣枝叶气味偏好性和树干产卵试验,以及树木挥发物的触角电位活性测定等,初步评估了沙枣作为保护树种的可行性。 结果 1)当新疆杨vs沙枣枝叶时,雌虫偏好沙枣枝叶气味,占作出选择成虫数的80.65%,雄虫对二者选择无显著差异;2)雌虫触角对新疆杨挥发物中的叶醇和乙酸叶醇酯以及沙枣挥发物中3-蒈烯、乙酸叶醇酯和叶醇表现出电生理活性,新疆杨和沙枣挥发物中叶醇含量之比为2.66:1,乙酸叶醇酯之比为1.19:1,因其含量不同所表现出来的电生理活性刺激强度也不同;3)室内试验新疆杨vs沙枣树干时,雌虫偏好在沙枣上产卵,每个供试树段上的刻槽数达18 ± 1.73个,但单选试验中在新疆杨上的有效产卵率高于沙枣,分别为75.00%和58.33%;4)在林间寄主树干上的套笼试验表明,雌虫在无选择条件下在二者上的刻槽数无显著差异,但幼虫在沙枣上均未成活。 结论 上述结果证实了沙枣对光肩星天牛成虫有一定引诱性,但沙枣在一定区域内是否会有效控制光肩天牛种群的增长,还需进一步的研究。 Abstract:Objective Populus alba var. pyramidalis is the preferred tree species for the construction of the Protection Forest in northwestern China. However, the long-term single tree species planting has caused the outbreak of the wood borer Anoplophora glabripennis (Asian longhorned beetle, ALB). There was reports that Elaeagnus angustifolia had ‘attract and kill’ effect on ALB, but it was unclear whether it could be used for protecting P. alba var. pyramidalis. Method In this study, we evaluated the possibility of E. angustifolia for protecting P. alba var. pyramidalis by choice experiments of ALB adults’ response to host leaves and trunks of P. alba var. pyramidalis and E. angustifolia both in the laboratory and in the field. The volatiles could stimulate the electrophysiological responses of female antennae were also screened out from both tested host tree species. Result 1) When P. alba var. pyramidalis leaves vs E. angustifolia leaves, ALB females preferred E. angustifolia, and accounted for 80.65% of adults made choice, while males did not show significant preference; 2) cis-3-hexen-1-ol and cis-3-hexenyl acetate from P. alba var. pyramidalis, and cis-3-hexen-1-ol, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, 3-carene from E. angustifolia could arise the antennae responses of female; the ratio of cis-3-hexen-1-ol contents between P. alba var. pyramidalis and E. angustifolia was 2.66:1, and the ratio of cis-3-hexenyl acetate contents between two tree species was 1.19:1; The intensity of electrophysiological activity stimulation varied due to their different content; 3) when tested P. alba var. pyramidalis stem vs E. angustifolia stem in the laboratory, the ALB female preferred gnawing egg niche on E. angustifolia and the number of egg niche could reach to 18 ± 1.73 per stem, but the percent of effective oviposition (eggs laid in the egg niche) on the P. Alba var. pyramidalis (75.00%) in the single choice experiment were higher than that on E. angustifolia (58.33%); 4) The cage experiments on the trunk of the host trees in the forest showed that there was no significant difference in the number of egg niches gnawed by females on the two tree species under no selection conditions, but the larvae did not survive on the E. angustifolia trunk. Conclusion Our results confirmed that the E. angustifolia has a certain degree of attraction to ALB adults, but further researches are requiered to determine whether E. angustifolia can effectively control the ALB population in a certain area. -
表 1 室内光肩星天牛在沙枣和新疆杨树干上的产卵试验
Table 1. Oviposition experiments of Anoplophora glabripennis on stems of Elaeagnus angustifolia and Populus alba. var. pyramidalis in laboratory
方法
Method树种
Tree species平均刻槽数
Average number of
egg niche有效刻槽率
Percent of
effective egg niche/%孵化率
Egg hatching
rate/%幼虫存活率
Survival rate of
larvae/%存活幼虫体质量均值
Average weight of
living larvae/mg单选 Single choice P 8.33±1.53 a 75.00±5.00 a 100±0 a 52.67±0.09 a 51±18 b E 15.00±4.36 a 58.33±7.64 b 57.33±2.94 b 51.90±0.17 a 81±16 a 双选 Double choice P 4.67±1.15 a 72.23±4.79 a 100±0 a 78.63±18.55 a 54±22 a E 18.00±1.73 b 58.90±10.31 a 65.43±8.49 b 53.73±15.86 a 81±31 b 注:数据为平均值±标准误;P代表新疆杨,E代表沙枣;同列不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),下同
Notes: Data are means±standard error (SE); P, represents P. alba. var. pyramidalis, E, represents E. angustifolia; Different letters in the same column mean significant difference at 0.05 level. The same below表 2 光肩星天牛在沙枣和新疆杨立木上的产卵结果
Table 2. Oviposition of Anoplophora glabripennis adults on Elaeagnus angustifolia and Populus alba. var. pyramidalis in the field
树种
Tree
species平均刻槽产卵数
Average number of
egg niche per tree幼虫存活率
Survival rate of
larvae/%存活幼虫平均体质量
Average weight of
living larvae/mgP 33.67±4.72 a 48.67±4.72 a 37.00±5 a E 36.00±3.94 a 0 b 0 b -
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