中国全科医学 ›› 2022, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (01): 1-13.DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2021.00.337

所属专题: 社区卫生服务最新研究合集 述评栏目最新文章合集

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中国全科医学行业十年发展:机会和挑战并存

杨辉1,2,*, 韩建军2, 许岩丽2, 高晓欢2, 汪洋2, 杨允利2, 曹新阳2   

  1. 1.3168 Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
    2.100053 北京市,中国全科医学杂志社
  • 收稿日期:2021-11-01 修回日期:2021-11-19 出版日期:2022-01-05 发布日期:2021-12-29
  • 通讯作者: 杨辉

Ten-year Development of General Practice in ChinaOpportunities and Challenges

YANG Hui12*HAN Jianjun2XU Yanli2GAO Xiaohuan2WANG Yang2YANG Yunli2CAO Xinyang2   

  1. 1.Monash UniversityMelbourne 3168Australia

    2.Publishing House of Journal of Chinese General PracticeBeijing 100053China

    *Corresponding authorYANG HuiE-mailhui.yang@monash.edu

  • Received:2021-11-01 Revised:2021-11-19 Published:2022-01-05 Online:2021-12-29

摘要: 目的以近10年(2010—2020年)为阶段,梳理我国全科医学行业的自身优势和不足,以及其发展面临的环境机会和挑战。方法以Donabedian的概念模型为框架,检验和评估中国全科医学基本医疗服务系统的质量特征;以态势分析法(SWOT分析法)为框架,分析中国全科医学发展的内部和外部条件。数据来源于2010—2020年全科医学发展相关的统计报告、期刊论文、政策与工作指南等。结果(1)全科行业的结构质量:近10年来我国全科医学发展政策是以往相关政策的承袭和发展,并在全科人才队伍建设、学科建设、分级诊疗、区域医共体等方面继续加强,全科的财政政策和管理政策仍有提升空间。全科人力资源在数量上飞速发展,不过人力资源倒置问题未彻底解决,需要采用全职等量的算法来计划和评估人力资源。社区卫生服务中心数量呈现稳定增长,但仍低于医院的增长速度。全科医学服务的卫生经济学数据尚需补充。(2)全科行业的过程质量:2020年到社区卫生服务中心(站)和乡镇卫生院诊疗的人次数为20.45亿人次,即我国平均每人每年访问社区卫生服务中心(站)或乡镇卫生院1.5次,高于2010年每人每年平均1次的访问频率,但仍低于患者对医院门诊的访问频率(平均每人每年2.7次)。新型冠状病毒肺炎对2020年的社区卫生服务/全科医学服务有明显影响,门诊诊疗人次数下降约20%。全科医学相关文献的发文量在2018年达到峰值,研究热点主要集中在双向转诊和分级诊疗、全科医生/家庭医生、全科医学、社区、慢性病(尤其是高血压、糖尿病)、影响因素分析等方面。期待随着学科发展,全科研究可以在创新和评判思维、对临床服务的循证支持、对服务质量和患者结果改善方面提供更强有力的支持。(3)全科医学服务的结果:全科医学服务对居民健康影响的数据不足。从居民和患者的体验和观点来看,已获得全科服务或签约家庭医生的居民有较好的体验和较高的满意度,不过尚缺乏普遍社区居民对全科医学服务感知和观点的数据。全科医生自身对行业工作的体验和看法存在较大差异,性别、年龄、职称、城乡、地理位置等影响医生的体验和满意度。全科人力资源存在不稳定性,收入、工作和时间压力是主要影响因素。(4)中国全科医学的主要优势在于有力的政策推动和政府领导,集中化体制表现出的卓越资源动员能力,能快速启动和发展全科医生队伍;中国拥有已经成熟起来的全科医学教育和培训,以及临床医学服务的中坚力量,并显示出医学科学与医学人文的传统和有机结合。(5)中国全科医学存在其他国家或地区的共性问题,其自身特点包括学科发展较晚、人才队伍质量有待提高、工作压力大且职业倦怠显现,全科医生代沟对教育和实践的影响。全-专之间关系处于脱离依附和走向融合的交界点。全科师资特别是社区临床带教的教育胜任力不足。全科团队建设和管理需要从形成期向激荡期和绩效期推进。(6)健康中国和全面小康的国家战略,全球通过《阿斯塔纳宣言》重申的初级保健在可持续发展和全民健康覆盖中的重要作用,以及人民群众对健康的重视和健康素养的提升,是中国全科医学的发展机会。(7)人口老龄化,以及随之产生的疾病负担改变和社会经济变化,加上全科人力资源的老化和动态过程、城乡二元化和地区差异、医疗卫生资源配置的倒置三角等,是中国全科医学发展面临的挑战。相应的解决策略包括:加强全科医学倡导功能,建立广泛社区的协作网络,发展全科医学职业组织等。结论中国的全科医学事业发展处于上升期。人力数量上有飞速发展,政府政策的推动性强,在基本医疗可及性上有快速改善,基层医疗卫生服务利用率明显增加。作为知识和劳动密集型行业,全科业内和社会期望较高,同时存在明显压力,人力存在不稳定因素,全科医生的自我身份认同仍有提升空间。对全科医学的经济投入仍需明朗。当前,中国全科医学处于前所未有的促进环境中,医学界和全科同仁务必抓住机会促进其更好地发展,"化挑战为机会",为全民健康赢得更好结果。

全科医学概念自20世纪80年代后期引入我国内地,至今已30余年。30余年来,我国全科医学发展取得了十分重要的阶段性成果,学科建设和人才培养体系逐渐优化,人才队伍数量不断增加,队伍结构持续优化,服务模式不断完善,服务水平稳步提高。可以说,在“保基本、强基层、建机制”的既定方针下,全科医学重任在肩,砥砺奋进,走出了一条具有中国特色的全科医学发展路径。与此同时,全科医学的科学研究也日益得到重视。近年来,全科医学研究实现了跨学科、跨领域、跨地域的开展,研究者从关注研究内容,到关注方法学,注重证据的严谨性和科学性,再到关注基层卫生科研网络(PBRNs)建设,全科医学研究在研究方向上实现了质的飞跃。学术期刊是学科建制的重要组成部分,是学术研究的重要载体,也是学科话语体系形成的重要标志。有赖于全科医学科学研究的繁荣与发展,《中国全科医学》在科技期刊表现上稳步提升。本着“以坚持问题导向,善于发现创新、引领创新、鼓励创新”的出发点,本期由主编杨辉博士执笔,向同仁们出具了一份近10年的中国全科医学行业报告。文章在梳理近10年全科医学结构-过程-结果质量的基础上,对其进一步发展面临的优势、不足、机遇与挑战进行分析,并提出了可供同行考虑的进一步研究问题。期冀可以激发出更深入、更具体的全科医学研究,助力全科医学行业发展。

关键词: 全科医学, 全科医生, 行业报告, 结果与过程评价, 卫生保健, 卫生政策, 卫生人力, 卫生费用

Abstract: Objective

To review the strengths and limitations of the development of general practice in China during the last decade (2010—2020) and to assess the opportunities and challenges for its future development.

Methods

Data were collected from statistic reports, journal articles and official policies and guidelines regarding general practice development in China from 2010—2020. Donabedian model was applied to examine and assess the quality of essential general practice services in China. SWOT analysis was used to identify internal and external determinants of general practice development in China.

Results

(1) Structural quality of general practice: the ten-year policies about general practice development were a continuation of the past relevant policies in essence but with developments, with highlights on continuous construction of general practice workforce and discipline, tiered diagnosis and treatment and regional medical consortium, but relevant fiscal and management policies still need improvements. The number of general medical workers has increased rapidly, while the lion's share of them are still allocated at tertiary hospitals. Full-time equivalent is suggested to be used to predict the staffing and assess the performance of these workers. The number of community health centres showed a steady increase, but its growth rate was still slower than that of hospital facilities. Relevant health economics data need to be further supplemented. (2) Process quality of general practice: in 2020, there were 2.045 billion visits in community health centers (stations) and township health centers, that is, 1.5 visits per person per year on average. There was a significant development when found only 1 visit per person per year for primary care in 2010. However, the frequency of visits for primary care was still lower than that of visiting hospital-based outpatients (an average of 2.7 visits per person per year) . The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on community health services/general medical services, and the number of outpatient visits dropped by about 20%. The number of general practice research articles reached a peak in 2018, mainly focusing on bi-directional referrals, tiered diagnosis and treatment, general practitioners (GPs) /family doctors, general medicine, community health services, chronic disease management (especially hypertension and diabetes) , and analysis of factors associated with aspects involved in general medical services. General practice research is expected to provide more support for developing innovative and critical thoughts, more practice-based evidence for clinical services, and more assistance for service quality and patient outcomes improvement as the discipline advances. (3) Results of implementing general medical services: there is no sufficient evidence on the influence of general medical services on people's health. The experiences and views of people including healthy individuals and patients indicated that those receiving general medical services or contracted family doctor services perceived positive experience and expressed high satisfaction, but perceptions and views of general population in the community toward general medical services need to be explored. GPs' own experience and opinions on general practice were quite different. Gender, age, professional title, urban and rural areas, and geographical location may be associated with their experience and job satisfaction. There may be instability in the general practice workforce, mainly due to personal income, workload and time pressure. (4) The major strengths of developing general practice in China are as follows: strong policy-based promotion and government leadership; rapidly constructing and developing GPs teams owing to the excellent resource allocating ability shown by the centralized system from central to all local governments; significantly enhanced general practice education and training systems; increased core professionals as general practice educators and trainers; special development of general practice characterized by the integration of medical sciences and Chinese traditional humanistic theories. (5) The development of general practice in China has been facing limitations similar to those in other countries. Besides that, its special limitations include late development of the discipline, unsatisfactory quality of workforce, high work pressure and high prevalence of burnout in the workforce, as well as impact of generation gap on education and practice among GPs. In addition, the relation between specialists and GPs is on transition of from undifferentiated attachment to self-recognised uniquity, and further seeking transdisciplinary. The teaching competences of GPs teachers, especially those teaching community and clinical care, are inadequate. GPs team building and management need to advance from the formation to the storming and performing phases. (6) Opportunities for further development of general practice in China include strategies for achieving the goals of Healthy China, and an all-round well-off society, the important role of primary health care in sustainable development and universal health coverage reaffirmed by the Declaration of Astana, as well as significantly improved health literacy of people. (7) Challenges for the development of general practice in China include population ageing, and aging-related changes in burden of disease and socio-economic status, the aging and dynamic changes of GPs human resources, the variation of urban and rural areas and regional differences, and the inverted pyramid structure of allocation of medical and health resources (namely, the largest part is allocated to tertiary care while the smallest to primary care) . Relevant recommendations to address these challenges comprise strengthening the advocacy of the development of general practice services, establishing a wide-ranging community collaborative network, and developing general practice professional organizations.

Conclusion

The development of general practice in China is advancing, which is manifested as rapidly increased number of general medical workers, strong government promotion, quickly improved accessibility of essential medical services, and notably increased utilization rate of primary care services. However, the development is facing challenges, such as high discipline and social expectations regarding general practice, instability in the workforce due to high work pressure of the knowledge- and labor-intensive job, GPs' insufficient recognition of their self-identity, and unclear status of financial funding for general practice development. Given that there are unprecedented favorable conditions for general practice development, medical industries and general medical workers are suggested to make efforts to turn challenges into opportunities to develop general medical services, thereby universal health outcomes will be improved.

Key words: General practice, General practitioners, Industry report, Outcome and process assessment, health care, Health policy, Health manpower, Health expenditure

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