Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Extrusion/spheronization of pectin-based formulations. II. Effect of additive concentration in the granulation liquid

  • Published:
AAPS PharmSciTech Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose. The aim of this study was to improve the formation of spherical pectin pellets by investigating the effect of additive concentration in the granulation liquid on the shape and size of the products as well as by identifying an optimal additive concentration.Methods. High-methoxylated, low-methoxylated, and amidated low-methoxylated pectin types were evaluated in combination with different concentrations of methanol, ethanol, citric acid, lactic acid, and calcium chloride. Pellets were prepared in a power-consumption-controlled twin-screw extruder, then spheronized and dried. The moisture content of the extrudate was determined, and the final products were characterized by image analysis and sieving analysis. A cloud point test was employed for the identification of an optimal additive concentration.Results. The concentration of additive in the granulation liquid affected the moisture content of the extrudate and the shape, size, and mechanical stability of the pectin pellets. Improvements in the pellet characteristics are dependent on the pectin type employed. The 2 low-methoxylated pectins were more sensitive to concentration changes than was the high-methoxylated type. Above a certain threshold concentration, the quality of the pellets are improved. This additive concentration differs according to type of pectin and type of additive.Conclusion. It was demonstrated that there is a concentration-dependent interaction between pectin and substances added to the granulation liquid that can be utilized to improve the formation of spherical pectin pellets.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Tho I, Kleinebudde P, Sande SA. Extrusion/spheronization of pectin-based formulations. I. Screening of important factors. tAAPS PharmSciTech. 2001;2(4) Article 26. Available from: http://www.aapspharmscitech.com

  2. Ghebre Sellassie I. Pharmaceutical Pelletization Technology. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kleinebudde P, Lindner H. Experiments with an instrumented twin-screw extruder using a single-step granulation extrusion process. Int J Pharm. 1993;94:49–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Baert L, Remon JP. Influence of amount of granulation liquid on the drug-release rate from pellets made by extrusion spheronization. Int J Pharm. 1993;95:135–141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Vervaet C, Baert L, Remon JP. Extrusion-spheronization: a literature review. Int J Pharm. 1995;116:131–146.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kleinebudde P. Use of a power-consumption-controlled extruder in the development of pellet formulations. J Pharm Sci. 1995;84:1259–1264.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Voragen AGJ, Pilnik W. Pectins. In: Stephen AM, ed. Food Polysaccharides and Their Applications. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1995:287–339.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kjoniksen AL, Nystrom B, Lindman B. Dynamic viscoelasticity of gelling and nongelling aqueous mixtures of ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose and an ionic surfactant. Macromol. 1998;31:1852–1858.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Millili GP, Schwartz JB. The strength of microcrystalline cellulose pellets: the effect of granulating with water ethanol mixtures. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1990;16:1411–1426.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Schroder M, Kleinebudde P. Structure of desintegrating pellets with regard to fractal geometry. Pharm Res. 1995;12:1694–1700.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Grant GT, Morris ER, Rees DA, Smith PJC, Thom D. Biological interactions between polysaccharides and divalent cations: the egg-box model. FEBS Letter. 1973;32:195–198.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Nystrom B, Kjoniksen AL, Iversen C. Characterization of association phenomena in aqueous systems of chitosan of different hydrophobicity. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 1999;79:81–103.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hileman GA, Upadrashta SM, Neau SH. Drug solubility effects on predicting optimum conditions for extrusion and spheronization of pellets. Pharm Dev Technol. 1997;2:43–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway

    Ingunn Tho & Sverre Arne Sande

  2. Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany

    Peter Kleinebudde

Authors
  1. Ingunn Tho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peter Kleinebudde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sverre Arne Sande
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Published: December 3, 2001

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tho, I., Kleinebudde, P. & Sande, S.A. Extrusion/spheronization of pectin-based formulations. II. Effect of additive concentration in the granulation liquid. AAPS PharmSciTech 2, 27 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1208/pt020427

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1208/pt020427

Keywords

Search

Navigation