ABSTRACT
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 214 C-C Bond Formation Reactions .................................................................................................... 214 C-N Bond Formation Reactions .................................................................................................... 221 C-O Bond Formation Reactions ....................................................................................................224 Esteri›cation ..................................................................................................................................225 Etheri›cation ..................................................................................................................................225 C-Alkylation/Acylation ..................................................................................................................226 N-Alkylation .................................................................................................................................. 227 S-Acylation .................................................................................................................................... 227 O-Acylation .................................................................................................................................... 227 N-Acylation ....................................................................................................................................228 Sulfonation .....................................................................................................................................228 Multicomponent Reactions ............................................................................................................228 Name Reactions ............................................................................................................................. 233
Knoevenagel Condensation ....................................................................................................... 233 Biginelli Reaction...................................................................................................................... 233 Ullmann Reaction...................................................................................................................... 235 Curtius Rearrangement.............................................................................................................. 235
Cyclocondensation Reactions ........................................................................................................ 236 Ring Opening Reactions ................................................................................................................244 Oxidation ........................................................................................................................................245 Epoxidation .................................................................................................................................... 247 Reduction ....................................................................................................................................... 247 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions ..............................................................................................250 Oxime Deprotection ....................................................................................................................... 251 Preparations of Ionic Liquids ......................................................................................................... 251 Miscellaneous Reactions ................................................................................................................ 252 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 253 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. 253 References ......................................................................................................................................254
Ultrasound can be used in organic reactions since it provides speci›c activation based on a physical phenomenon called as acoustic cavitation. The chemical consequences of high-intensity ultrasound do not arise from an interaction of acoustic waves and matter at a molecular or atomic level. Instead, in liquids irradiated with high-intensity ultrasound, acoustic cavitation, that is, the formation, growth, and collapse of bubbles, provides the primary mechanism for sonochemical effects. In cavitation, bubble collapse produces intense local heating, high pressures, and very short lifetimes; these transient, localized hot spots drive high-energy chemical reactions. It is well established fact that these hot spots have temperatures of above 5000 ± °C, pressures at around 1000 atm, and heating and cooling rates above 1010 K/s. Thus, cavitation serves as a means of concentrating the diffuse energy of sound into a unique set of conditions to produce unusual materials from dissolved and generally volatile precursors.
