Skip to main content
Download PDF

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma third line systemic treatments: a retrospective cohort study

BMC Cancer volume 24, Article number: 272 (2024) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Chemotherapy for metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) primarily relies on FOLFIRINOX (LV5FU- irinotecan – Oxaliplatine) and Gemcitabine – Nab-Paclitaxel in the first-line setting. However, second-lines remain less well-defined and there is limited data regarding third-line treatments. The objective of our study was to determine the proportion of patients advancing to third line chemotherapy, to outline the various third-line chemotherapy regimens used in routine practice and to evaluate their respective efficacy.

Methods

A retrospective single-center cohort from 2010-2022 compiled baseline characteristics, treatment outcomes and survival of PDAC patients who received at least one chemotherapy line in a French tertiary-center. Overall survivals (OS) were analyzed using a Cox multivariable model.

Results

In total, 676 patients were included, with a median follow-up time of 69.4 months, (Interquartile Range (IQR) = 72.1). Of these, 251 patients (37%) that proceeded to 3rd-line chemotherapy. The median PFS in 3rd line was 2.03 months, [CI95%: 1.83, 2.36]. The median 3rd line overall survival was 5.5 months, [CI95%: 4.8, 6.3]. In multivariable analysis erlotinib-based chemotherapy was found to be deleterious (HR=2.38, [CI95%: 1.30, 4.34], p=0.005) compared to fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy in terms of 3rd line overall survival while gemcitabine monotherapy showed a tendency towards negative outcomes. First and 2nd line chemotherapies sequence didn’t influence 3rd line outcome.

Conclusion

In our cohort, one-third of treated patients proceeded to 3rd line chemotherapy resulting in a 5.5 months median 3rd line OS, consistent with treatments at advanced stage. Our results argue against the use of erlotinib and gemcitabine monotherapy.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Pancreatic cancer (PDAC) is the fouth leading cause of cancer mortality in men and women in Europe [1] and the seventh worldwide [2]. The incidence is increasing over the last decades in the USA [3], Europe [4] and in France [5] thus marking it a major public health concern. Identified risk factors include age [3], smoking, obesity, genetics, diabetes, diet and inactivity [6]. Early onset pancreatic cancer are defined by cases arising before 50 years and is associated with a poor prognosis [7]. Low survival rates, not exceeding 10% at 5 years, underscore the importance of research dedicated to chemotherapy improvement.

To date, systemic treatments primarily rely on chemotherapeutics and targeted therapies or immune-oncology drugs are used to a lesser extent. The first-line chemotherapy regimen had long relied on gemcitabine treatment. However, in 2000s, the combination of gemcitabine and erlotinib [8] or gemcitabine and capecitabine [9] demonstrated a modest but statistically significant overall survival (OS) increase. Subsequently, two main phase III trials established the current standard-of care regimens. On the first hand, FOLFIRINOX (LV5FU- Irinotecan – Oxaliplatine) [10] showed a survival increase but also had associated increased toxicity. Further adaptations of the protocol improved its tolerance without altering its efficacy [11, 12]. On the other hand, gemcitabine and albumin–bound paclitaxel (Nab-paclitaxel) proved more beneficial over gemcitabine alone [13]. Although no study directly compared the two treatments, FOLFIRINOX outperformed gemcitabine/Nab-paclitaxel in some meta-analysis or retrospective data [14, 15] while other studies indicated similar efficacy for both regimens but favored gemcitabine-Nab-paclitaxel due to its better tolerance [16, 17]. Gemcitabine combinations with oxaliplatin, capecitabine or other drugs also demonstrated potential advantages over gemcitabine monotherapy in retrospective studies [18, 19]. Recently, NALIRIFOX (Nal-Iri (liposomal irinotecan)–LV5FU- oxaliplatin) showed superiority over gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel and may be considered as a first-line option pending its reimbursment [20]. Furthermore, there is no direct comparison of NALIRIFOX and FOLFIRINOX and the median OS were similar in their respective trials.

In the second-line chemotherapy, switching from one first-line regimen to another is viable due to their non-overlapping toxicity profiles as assessed in retrospective studies [21]. An estimated 20 to 50% of patients might benefit from this strategy [15]. Moreover, the Nal-Iri–5FU regimen, specifically developed in this setting [22], showed an OS benefit over 5-FU alone for patients who had previously undergone gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. Currently, no regimen has demonstrated superiority in the second-line and data are lacking for a definitive third-line therapy [23].

We conducted a retrospective cohort study that included all consecutive patients treated for a metastatic PDAC from 2010 to 2022 in our tertiary-center hospital. The aim of our study was to determine the proportion of patients advancing to third-line chemotherapy, to outline the different 3rd line chemotherapy regimens used in everyday practice and to evaluate their respective efficacy.

Patients and methods

This study details a retrospective cohort conducted in a French tertiary-center hospital. The eligibility criteria included: patients with histologically-proven PDAC, age of over 18, and those who received at least one chemotherapy regimen, treated in our institution between 2010 and 2022. Study data were collected and managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools hosted at Gustave Roussy.

The primary objectives were to assess the proportion of patients undergoing 3rd line chemotherapy and to compare the efficacy of various 3rd line chemotherapy regimens based on 3rd line overall survival. The secondary objectives included determining the progression-free survival of 3rd line chemotherapy and identifying the optimal sequence between first and second-line chemotherapies to advance to 3rd line regarding overall survival from 1st line chemotherapy initiation.

Chemotherapy regimens were categorized into a 5-class categorical variable. Gemcitabine monotherapy was singled out as a separate regimen due to its proven inferiority compared to other regimens in the litterature. Fluoropyrimidine-based regimens covered FOLFOX (LV5FU – oxaliplatin), FOLFIRI (LV5FU – irinotecan), FOLFIRINOX, modified FOLFIRINOX, XELOX (capecitabine - oxaliplatin)/ XELIRI (capecitabine – irinotecan), capecitabine and LV5FU (5 Fluoro-Uracile). Gemcitabine combination regimens included gemcitabine – paclitaxel, gemcitabine – Nab-paclitaxel, gemcitabine–oxaliplatine, and alternating gemcitabine and 5FU treatments. Erlotinib-based chemotherapies comprised erlotinib alone, erlotinib-gemcitabine, erlotinib-capecitabine. The “Other chemotherapies” group encompassed PARP inhibitors, bidirectional chemotherapy, gemcitabine-capecitabine, LV5FU–carboplatine, docetaxel, weekly paclitaxel, clinical trial drugs and other less common treatments labeled as “various chemotherapy” group. The term “Various chemotherapy” group referred to regimens administered fewer than 4 times in the cohort and is detailed in Table S1. When one of the described drugs was given as a control in a clinical trial, it was re-categorized to its corresponding category.

For 1st and 2nd line chemotherapy sequence evaluation in the multivariable analysis, 1st and 2nd line chemotherapy sequences were arranged as: (i) L1= fluoropyrimidine based regimen and L2= gemcitabine combination regimen; (ii) L1= gemcitabine combination and L2= fluoropyrimidine based regimen, (iii) L1= gemcitabine monotherapy and L2=fluoropyrimidine based regimen; (iv) Other combination of chemotherapies. For detailed 1st and 2nd line chemotherapy sequence evaluation, two other sequences were added: (v) L1= fluoropyrimidine based regimen and L2= Gemcitabine monotherapy and (vi): L1= fluoropyrimidine based regimen and L2= fluoropyrimidine based regimen.

Several chemotherapy sequences were compared head-to-head with time from 2nd line chemotherapy initiation to the time to 3rd line initiation or to death analyzed in a competing risk survival model taking death as a competing event.

Statistics

The median follow-up and associated IQR were estimated using the reversed Kaplan-Meier method.

OS and PFS in 3rd line were calculated from the start of 3rd line therapy initiation and estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Patients without an event at the date of last follow-up were censored at this date. The 95% bilateral confidence intervals of OS and PFS were calculated using Greenwood formula. To identify factors that might influence overall survival in the 3rd line, we used a multivariable Cox regression model.

A Fine-Gray model assessed the impact of the second line therapy on the probability of proceeding to 3rd line. The time to 3rd line therapy was calculated from the start of 2nd line therapy. Patients alive at the date of last follow-up without having received a 3rd line therapy were censored. Death before initiating a 3rd line therapy was treated as a competing risk.

No imputation of missing data was undertaken. Analysis was restricted to subjects with complete data on the variable involved in the analysis and the number of missing subjects is indicated for each table.

All tests were two-sided. A p-value ≤ 0.05 indicated statistically significant.

The R software was used for all statistical analyses.

Results

Out of the 818 consecutive PDAC patients included in the database, 683 presented a good enough general status to benefit from at least one chemotherapy line and 7 patients were excluded due to missing data. In total, 676 patients were included in the study (Fig. 1). The median follow-up time for the whole population was 69.5 months (IQR= 72.1). Among them, 251 patients (37%) received at least 3 systemic treatments lines. The median follow-up from 3rd line therapy initiation onwards was 25.1 months (IQR=37.7). The median PFS in 3rd line was 2.03 months ([CI95%: 1.83, 2.36]) and median 3rd line chemotherapy overall survival was 5.5 months ([CI95%: 4.8, 6.3]) (Fig. 1B and C). Main characteristics of the whole population of patients who proceeded to 3rd line chemotherapy are depicted in Table 1. Fifty-two percent of patients were male. There were few patients aged 70 years or over (34 patients (14%)) or aged under 50 years (43 patients (17%)) (Table 1). One hundred and sixty-one patients (96%) had a 0-1 performance status at diagnosis (Table 1). One hundred fifty-five patients (62%) were metastatic at diagnosis, including 115 patients (46%) presenting liver metastases. Forty-eight patients (28%) reported a regular alcohol intake and 68 (39%) were smokers. Fifty-five patients (40%) presented a venous thrombosis during disease evolution (Table 1). Molecular characteristics of tumors, when tested, are presented in Supplementary Table S2. Detailed characteristics of the disease at diagnosis are presented in Supplementary Table S3. Sixty-three patients benefited from former local treatments, including 25 patients undergoing a surgery, 30 - radiotherapy and 7 – interventional radiology for metastasis.

Fig 1
figure 1

A Flowchart of the study, B Third line Progression free survival, C Third line Overall Survival

Full size image
Table 1 Population description
Full size table

To fulfill the description of patients that proceeded to 3rd line chemotherapy, we described the chemotherapies they received. The chemotherapy regimens administered in 3rd line were very diverse, with more than 20 different regimens identified (Supplementary Table S4). Chemotherapy type distribution was different among chemotherapy lines. First line chemotherapy was mainly fluoropyrimidine – based (71%) and 2nd line chemotherapy was mainly gemcitabine (28%) or gemcitabine combination (21%) based. Third-line chemotherapy was distributed as follows: 80 patients (32%) received fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy, 26 patients (10%) received gemcitabine combination chemotherapy, 28 patients (11%) received gemcitabine monotherapy, 15 (6%) received erlotinib and 102 patients (41%) received other chemotherapy regimens (among which 49 (20%) received a drug tested in a clinical trial) (Fig. 2A and Supplementary Table S4 ).

Fig 2
figure 2

A Chemotherapy type evolution over years, B Survival probability of different chemotherapy groups and associated median survival using a Kaplan Meier analysis

Full size image

The pattern of prescription evolution over time is presented in Fig. 2A. After 2016, erlotinib-based regimen and gemcitabine monotherapy prescription declined in 3rd line, contrary to fluoropyrimidine- based chemotherapy or 5FU-platin and weekly paclitaxel regimens (Table 2).

Table 2 Factors influencing 3rd line overall survival (multivariable Cox model)
Full size table

Among patients that proceeded to 3rd line chemotherapy, cause for 1st and 2nd line chemotherapy arrest was mainly progression, but some patients arrested for toxicity or other reasons (including intensification, temporally loss from follow-up, intent of a curative treatment or therapeutic pause). Overall response rate (ORR) to 1st line chemotherapy was 73% with partial response in 34% of patients and stability in 37% of patients and ORR in 2nd line was 53% with mainly stability (45% of patients) (Supplementary Table S5).

Focusing on the efficacy of various 3rd line chemotherapy regimens based on focusing on 3rd line chemotherapy survival, Kaplan Meier survival curves seem to suggest that patients receiving erlotinib-based chemotherapy had a worse prognosis than others receiving 3rd line treatments (Fig. 2B). Then, using a multivariable Cox survival model adjusted for age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, reason for 1st and 2nd line chemotherapy arrest, presence of liver metastases and the sequence of drugs received in 1st and 2nd line, we confirmed that receiving erlotinib-based chemotherapy (HR=2.38, [CI95%: 1.30, 4.34], p=0.005) led to a worse outcome than receiving a fluoropyrimidine based chemotherapy in 3rd line. The presence of liver metastases (HR= 1.58, [CI95% : 1.18, 2.12], p=0.002) were also associated with a poor 3rd line overall survival whereas 1st line chemotherapy arrest for toxicity (HR=0.27, [CI95%: 0.08, 0.90], p=0.033) or other cause (HR=0,58, [CI95%: 0.54, 0.99], p=0.045) was associated with a better 3rd line overall survival. Receiving gemcitabine chemotherapy regimen tended to be deleterious without reaching statistical significance (Table 2). Sequence of chemotherapies received in 1st and 2nd line did not influence 3rd line overall survival.

As cause for 1st line chemotherapy arrest influences 3rd line chemotherapy outcomes, we aimed at describing patients who ended first-line treatment without progression. 8 patients (3%) stopped 1st line chemotherapy for toxicity and 24 (10%) stopped for other reason, including intensification, intent of a curative treatment, loss from follow-up or therapeutic pause (Supplementary Table S5). We found that those patients mainly received a FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy in 1st line and benefited from a reintroduction of an adapted fluoropydimidine-based chemotherapy (containing only one or 2 molecules) in 2nd and in 3rd line (Supplementary Table S6). On the contrary in the global population only 32% of patients received a fluoropyrimidine-based regimen in 2nd line (Supplementary Table S4). Time to 3rd line initiation or to death or to loss from follow-up was 10.4 months in this population ([CI95%: 8.95-NA]) when it was 8.9 months in the global population ([CI95%: 7.2-10.2]).

We then investigated more deeply whether 1st and 2nd line chemotherapies sequences impacted on the probability to proceed to 3rd line and on the delay to 3rd line initiation (Fig. S1 A). At the beginning of 2nd and 3rd line, patients presented similar repartitions of 1st and 2nd line chemotherapy sequences (Fig. S1 B). The probability of proceeding to 3rd line treatment for patients who received a fluoropyrimidine based chemotherapy in first and in second line was similar to patients who received a fluoropyrimidine based chemotherapy in first line and a gemcitabine combination chemotherapy in second line (Fig. S1 C left panel).

Eventually, focusing on fluoropyrimidine-based and gemcitabine combination regimen, we studied whether initiating treatment with one or the other of the regimen influenced the probability to proceeded to 3rd line after 2nd line initiation in our dataset. Comparison of both sequences head-to-head did not reveal neither difference regarding the probability to proceed to 3rd line (Fig. S1 C right panel).

Discussion

This work represents the largest study published up-to-date evaluating the role of third line chemotherapy treatment in metastatic PDAC. With the improvement of first and second treatment lines more patients present a good performance status at second line progression and the best chemotherapy choice in 3rd line is a daily concern. In this retrospective cohort study, we report a median 3rd line survival was 5.5 months with many types of chemotherapy regimen received, due to lack of treatments recommendation. Chemotherapy regimen based on erlotinib in 3rd line and liver metastases at diagnosis were associated with a poor outcome. Importantly, those results were obtained after adjustment for year of diagnosis, as we showed that in our institution erlotinib-based treatment were less prescribed over time. Gemcitabine monotherapy also tended to unfavorable outcome in 3rd line. On the other hand, we could not find any difference in 1st and 2nd line chemotherapy sequence regarding the two main prescribed regimen: fluoropyrimidine-based or gemcitabine combination regimens, neither regarding OS, nor the proportion of patients proceeding to 3rd line.

Our study confirms the pejorative value of liver metastases in pancreatic cancer, as only 46% of 3rd line proceeding patients presented liver metastases at diagnosis and it remained a factor of poor outcome in 3rd line. On the contrary, 1st line arrest without progression was associated with a good outcome. Duration of 1st and 2nd line was similar in those patients and in the global population, meaning that it was not a population in which 3rd line was given earlier, which would have accounted for a better outcome. This group represents mainly patients who arrested first line FOLFIRINOX for toxicity, need for a therapeutic pause or intent of intensification, and who benefited from an adapted fluoropyrimidine regimen in second line. To understand whether this chemotherapy choice was responsible for the good outcome of those patients, we performed a competitive survival analysis in the global population of patients beginning 2nd line and we obtained similar probability of proceeding to 3rd line with the use of this chemotherapy sequence compared to the mainly used fluoropyrimidine – gemcitabine combination sequence. Thus, good responders to fluoropyrimidine treatment in 1st line mainly benefit from its reintroduction in 2nd and 3rd line but this strategy can’t be recommended in the global population.

Accordingly with previous articles, our multivariable models were adjusted for age [15], year of diagnosis, liver metastases [13, 22, 15] , reason for 1st and 2nd line chemotherapy arrest and the sequence of drugs received in 1st and 2nd line. Other stratification factors were used in literature: performance status [10, 13, 22, 24], primary tumor localization (head vs body or tail) [10], albumin [22], time since receiving most recent anticancer therapy [22], tumor stage at diagnosis [22], baseline CA19-9 [15, 22, 24] number of metastatic sites [15], peritoneal carcinomatosis [15], CRP>5mg/dL [24]. Also, diabetes has been described to be associated with a worse outcome of chemotherapy treatment in pancreatic cancer [25]. We decided not include Performance status, diabetes and CA19.9 at diagnosis in our analysis due to an excess of missing data. Adding gender, localization in pancreas head or neck, visualization on CT scan, number of metastatic sites or metastatic stage at diagnosis did not change the results of our multivariable model. Mutations profiling could not be included in multivariable analyses due to excess of missing data (only half of the patients benefited from a molecular profiling). Diabetes was still less frequent in patients proceeding to 3rd line chemotherapy in accordance with former studies [25].

Interestingly, even if young onset pancreatic cancer is described to have poorer prognosis [7], we didn’t find it in our cohort regarding 3rd line issue. Moreover, elderly patients have usually worse outcome over chemotherapy treatment [26] or present more toxicities [27] and are often excluded from phase III trials (ie. in Conroy et. al [10] age over 76 years was an exclusion criterion). We still did not find an influence of age on the issue of 3rd line chemotherapy. Comorbidities could not be evaluated as not-oncologic medical history was not assessed in our cohort.

The vast diversity of chemotherapies prescribed in our cohort reflects the lack of current consensus regarding PDAC chemotherapy, and especially the lack of standard treatments in 3rd line. We had to perform a grouping of several classes for the analysis in a way that reflected practice evolution over time and which preserved sufficient effectives. Capecitabine – gemcitabine regimen was prescribed in only three patients in 3rd line and appears in the group “other”. Only two patients benefited from Nal-IRI-5FU in our cohort and this regimen is part of the “Various chemotherapy” group (Table S11). PARP inhibitors were not prescribed in 3rd line. All contents of the chemotherapies that remained classified as “Various chemotherapy” besides the 22 other initial chemotherapy categories can be found in Supplementary Table 1. “Other chemotherapy type” included many clinical trial drugs, whose modest outcome probably reflect the difficulties of pancreatic cancer drug development already noted by other authors [23].Taking into account those limitation, we didn’t find any difference between 1st line fluroropyrimidine based chemotherapy then 2nd line gemcitabine combination chemotherapy and the reverse sequence in terms of delay up to proceeding to 3rd line.

Chemotherapy re-challenge (the use of the exactly same chemotherapy type in 1st and 2nd line) was present in only 21/684 patients and was thus neglected (considered as a new chemotherapy line) but all the patients that were recorded receiving a new chemotherapy line were considered as progressing or changing treatment strategy after the previous line. Supplementary Table S6 shows rather a change in prescription from FOLFIRINOX in 1st line to adapted regimen in 3rd line (containing only one or 2 molecules). This prescription is performed in our center when 1st line FOLFIRINOX lead to a response and when progression is not observed immediately.

We acknowledge several limitations of our study. First, data were monocentric and collected in a tertiary-referral center, whose practice may differ from a general hospital. The retrospective design is also a manifest constraint, despite the need for real world data in this situation. Efficacy of Folfirinox and Gemcitabine-Nab paclitaxel in 1st/2nd line were analyzed retrospectively, but this important question deserves a randomized trial to be assessed without bias. Also, no multiplicity correction was performed in the analysis, and some of the outlined differences could be false-positive results. Those monocentric retrospective data deserve external validation in additional studies. Then, the amount of missing data for some criteria (due to its retrospective design) impeded us to analyze their impact in the multivariable analysis and the grouping of different chemotherapy regimen to get large enough effectives may have conditioned the results. Also, the combination of locally advanced and metastatic at diagnosis patients meant that 1st line chemotherapy may be neoadjuvant for the first ones. However, this fact was taken into account in the adjustment factors of the multivariable model.

In conclusion, a quite large proportion of patients that receive 1st line chemotherapy proceeded to 3rd line chemotherapy (37%) in our tertiary-referral center. Fluoropyrimidine-based, gemcitabine and paclitaxel-based or other regimen as 5FU-carbolatin or weekly paclitaxel regimen perform equally in 3rd line, whereas erlotinib-based chemotherapy was associated with a poor survival. In regard of our results, it seems appropriate to continue to disfavor erlotinib-based treatments in 3rd line chemotherapy, as it was done in our center over years. Gemcitabine monotherapy also tended to be deleterious, as it was already shown for first line treatment. 1st and 2nd line chemotherapies did not influence the issue of 3rd line but in good responders to 1st line FOLFIRINOX or those who changed chemotherapy line for toxicity, reintroduction of a fluoropyrimidine based regimen in 2nd and 3rd line is a good option.

Availability of data and materials

Data analyzed in this manuscript is part of a retrospective cohort. Data access should be directed to alice.boileve@gustaveroussy.fr.

Abbreviations

PDAC:

Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

OS:

Overall Survival

PFS:

Progression Free Survival

LV5FU:

5 Fluoro-Uracile

FOLFIRINOX:

LV5FU- Irinotecan Oxaliplatine

FOLFOX:

LV5FU oxaliplatin

FOLFIRI:

LV5FU irinotecan

NALIRIFOX:

Nal-Iri (liposomal irinotecan)–LV5FU- oxaliplatin

XELOX:

Capecitabine oxaliplatin

XELIRI:

Capecitabine irinotecan

References

  1. Carioli G, Malvezzi M, Bertuccio P, Boffetta P, Levi F, La Vecchia C, Negri E, European cancer mortality predictions for the year,. with focus on pancreatic and female lung cancer. Annals of Oncology. 2021;32(2021):478–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2021.01.006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. International Journal of Cancer. 2015;136:E359–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29210.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Gaddam S, Abboud Y, Oh J, Samaan JS, Nissen NN, Lu SC, Lo SK. Incidence of Pancreatic Cancer by Age and Sex in the US, 2000–2018. JAMA. 2021;326:2075–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.18859.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Yu J, Yang X, He W, Ye W. Burden of pancreatic cancer along with attributable risk factors in Europe between 1990 and 2019, and projections until 2039. International Journal of Cancer. 2021;149:993–1001. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33617.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bouvier A-M, Uhry Z, Jooste V, Drouillard A, Remontet L, Launoy G, Leone N. the French Network of Cancer Registries (FRANCIM), Focus on an unusual rise in pancreatic cancer incidence in France. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2017;46:1764–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx088.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Ilic M, Ilic I. Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:9694–705. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i44.9694.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Ansari D, Althini C, Ohlsson H, Andersson R. Early-onset pancreatic cancer: a population-based study using the SEER registry. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2019;404:565–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-019-01810-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Moore MJ, Goldstein D, Hamm J, Figer A, Hecht JR, Gallinger S, Au HJ, Murawa P, Walde D, Wolff RA, Campos D, Lim R, Ding K, Clark G, Voskoglou-Nomikos T, Ptasynski M, Parulekar W. Erlotinib Plus Gemcitabine Compared With Gemcitabine Alone in Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Phase III Trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. JCO. 2007;25:1960–6. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.07.9525.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Cunningham D, Chau I, Stocken DD, Valle JW, Smith D, Steward W, Harper PG, Dunn J, Tudur-Smith C, West J, Falk S, Crellin A, Adab F, Thompson J, Leonard P, Ostrowski J, Eatock M, Scheithauer W, Herrmann R, Neoptolemos JP. Phase III Randomized Comparison of Gemcitabine Versus Gemcitabine Plus Capecitabine in Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer. JCO. 2009;27:5513–8. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.24.2446.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Conroy T, Desseigne F, Ychou M, Bouché O, Guimbaud R, Bécouarn Y, Adenis A, Raoul J-L, Gourgou-Bourgade S, de la Fouchardière C, Bennouna J, Bachet J-B, Khemissa-Akouz F, Péré-Vergé D, Delbaldo C, Assenat E, Chauffert B, Michel P, Montoto-Grillot C, Ducreux M. FOLFIRINOX versus Gemcitabine for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;364:1817–25. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1011923.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Tong H, Fan Z, Liu B, Lu T. The benefits of modified FOLFIRINOX for advanced pancreatic cancer and its induced adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2018;8:8666. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26811-9.

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Ozaka M, Ishii H, Sato T, Ueno M, Ikeda M, Uesugi K, Sata N, Miyashita K, Mizuno N, Tsuji K, Okusaka T, Furuse J. A phase II study of modified FOLFIRINOX for chemotherapy-naïve patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2018;81:1017–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-018-3577-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Von Hoff DD, Ervin T, Arena FP, Chiorean EG, Infante J, Moore M, Seay T, Tjulandin SA, Ma WW, Saleh MN, Harris M, Reni M, Dowden S, Laheru D, Bahary N, Ramanathan RK, Tabernero J, Hidalgo M, Goldstein D, Van Cutsem E, Wei X, Iglesias J, Renschler MF. Increased Survival in Pancreatic Cancer with nab-Paclitaxel plus Gemcitabine. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;369:1691–703. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1304369.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chan K, Shah K, Lien K, Coyle D, Lam H, Ko Y-J. A Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Multiple Treatment Comparisons of Systemic Regimens for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer. PLOS ONE. 2014;9: e108749. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108749.

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. N. Williet, A. Saint, A.-L. Pointet, D. Tougeron, S. Pernot, A. Pozet, D. Bechade, I. Trouilloud, N. Lourenco, V. Hautefeuille, C. Locher, J. Desrame, P. Artru, A. Thirot Bidault, B. Le Roy, D. Pezet, J.-M. Phelip, J. Taieb, Folfirinox versus gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer: a comparative propensity score study, Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2019;12:175628481987866. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756284819878660

  16. Kang J, Hwang I, Yoo C, Kim K, Jeong JH, Chang H-M, Lee SS, Park DH, Song TJ, Seo DW, Lee SK, Kim M-H, Hong S-M, Shin SH, Hwang DW, Song KB, Lee JH, Kim SC, Ryoo B-Y. Nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine versus FOLFIRINOX as the first-line chemotherapy for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer: retrospective analysis. Invest New Drugs. 2018;36:732–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10637-018-0598-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Cho IR, Kang H, Jo JH, Lee HS, Chung MJ, Park JY, Park SW, Song SY, An C, Park M-S, Bang S. FOLFIRINOX vs gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel for treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer: Single-center cohort study, World J Gastrointest. Oncol. 2020;12:182–94. https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v12.i2.182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Hu J, Zhao G, Wang H-X, Tang L, Xu Y-C, Ma Y, Zhang F-C. A meta-analysis of gemcitabine containing chemotherapy for locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Hematol Oncol. 2011;4:11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-8722-4-11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Sultana A, Smith CT, Cunningham D, Starling N, Neoptolemos JP, Ghaneh P. Meta-Analyses of Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced and Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer. JCO. 2007;25:2607–15. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.09.2551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Z.A. Wainberg, D. Melisi, T. Macarulla, R. Pazo-Cid, S.R. Chandana, C. De La Fouchardiere, A.P. Dean, I. Kiss, W. Lee, T.O. Goetze, E. Van Cutsem, A.S. Paulson, T.S. Bekaii-Saab, S. Pant, R. Hubner, Z. Xiao, H. Chen, F. Benzaghou, E.M. O’Reilly, NAPOLI-3: A randomized, open-label phase 3 study of liposomal irinotecan + 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin + oxaliplatin (NALIRIFOX) versus nab-paclitaxel + gemcitabine in treatment-naïve patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC). JCO. 41 (2023) LBA661–LBA661. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2023.41.4_suppl.LBA661.

  21. Sawada M, Kasuga A, Mie T, Furukawa T, Taniguchi T, Fukuda K, Yamada Y, Takeda T, Kanata R, Matsuyama M, Sasaki T, Ozaka M, Sasahira N. Modified FOLFIRINOX as a second-line therapy following gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel therapy in metastatic pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer. 2020;20:449. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-020-06945-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Wang-Gillam A, Li C-P, Bodoky G, Dean A, Shan Y-S, Jameson G, Macarulla T, Lee K-H, Cunningham D, Blanc JF, Hubner RA, Chiu C-F, Schwartsmann G, Siveke JT, Braiteh F, Moyo V, Belanger B, Dhindsa N, Bayever E, Von Hoff DD, Chen L-T, Adoo C, Anderson T, Asselah J, Azambuja A, Bampton C, Barrios CH, Bekaii-Saab T, Bohuslav M, Chang D, Chen J-S, Chen Y-C, Choi HJ, Chung IJ, Chung V, Csoszi T, Cubillo A, DeMarco L, de Wit M, Dragovich T, Edenfield W, Fein LE, Franke F, Fuchs M, Gonzales-Cruz V, Gozza A, Fernando RH, Iaffaioli R, Jakesova J, Kahan Z, Karimi M, Kim JS, Korbenfeld E, Lang I, Lee F-C, Lee K-D, Lipton L, Ma WW, Mangel L, Mena R, Palmer D, Pant S, Park JO, Piacentini P, Pelzer U, Plazas JG, Prasad C, Rau K-M, Raoul J-L, Richards D, Ross P, Schlittler L, Smakal M, Stahalova V, Sternberg C, Seufferlein T, Tebbutt N, Vinholes JJ, Wadlow R, Wenczl M, Wong M. Nanoliposomal irinotecan with fluorouracil and folinic acid in metastatic pancreatic cancer after previous gemcitabine-based therapy (NAPOLI-1): a global, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. The Lancet. 2016;387:545–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00986-1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Second-Line Treatment for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer – Hematology & Oncology, (n.d.). https://www.hematologyandoncology.net,https://www.hematologyandoncology.net/archives/february-2020/second-line-treatment-for-metastatic-pancreatic-cancer/Accessed May 21, 2023.

  24. Ueno H, Okada S, Okusaka T, Ikeda M. Prognostic Factors in Patients with Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Receiving Systemic Chemotherapy. Oncology. 2000;59:296–301. https://doi.org/10.1159/000012186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ma J, Wang J, Ge L, Long B, Zhang J. The impact of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcomes following chemotherapy for the patients with pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol. 2019;56:1103–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-019-01337-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. van der Geest L.G.M, Haj Mohammad N, Besselink M.G.H, Lemmens V.E.P.P, Portielje J.E.A, H.W.M van Laarhoven, Hanneke J, Wilmink W. The D.P.C. Group, Nationwide trends in chemotherapy use and survival of elderly patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Cancer Med. 2017;6(12):2840–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1240.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Li X, Huang D, Zhang Q, Guo C, Fu Q, Zhang X, Tang T-Y, Su W, Chen Y-W, Chen W, Ma T, Gao S-L, Que R-S, Bai X-L, Liang T-B. The efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy in the elderly with advanced pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology. 2020;20:95–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2019.11.012.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work did not benefit from a specific funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Département de médecine oncologique, Gustave Roussy, 94800, Villejuif, France

    A. Gueiderikh, A. Tarabay, C. Smolenschi, M. Valery, T. Pudlarz, A. Fuerea, V. Boige, A. Hollebecque, M. Ducreux & A. Boilève

  2. Université Paris Saclay, 91471, Orsay, France

    A. Gueiderikh, M. Ducreux & A. Boilève

  3. Département de statistiques, Gustave Roussy, 94800, Villejuif, France

    M. Abdelouahab & M. L. Tanguy

  4. Gustave Roussy, DITEP, 94800, Villejuif, France

    C. Smolenschi & A. Hollebecque

  5. Département d’oncologie médicale, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, 75014, Paris, France

    D. Malka

Authors
  1. A. Gueiderikh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Tarabay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. Abdelouahab
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. C. Smolenschi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. L. Tanguy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. M. Valery
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. D. Malka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. T. Pudlarz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. A. Fuerea
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. V. Boige
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. A. Hollebecque
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. M. Ducreux
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. A. Boilève
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

AG: statistical analysis and manuscript redaction.  AT: data collection and manuscript editing.  MA and MLT contributed to statistical analysis design and manuscript editing.  CS, MV, DM, TP, AF, VB, AH, MD: manuscript editing.  AB: study design, data collection and manuscript redaction supervision.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Boilève.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by Gustave Roussy institutional review board (CSET N° 2023-234). Informed consent was obtained from all the patients. Results of genetic testing, when performed, were recorded. Genetic testing relied on Next Generation Sequencing of blood samples, acquired from blood biopsies during the NCT04932525 trial, and Informed consent was obtained from all the patients. In detail, this retrospective study complies with the French MR004 methodology regarding general data protection regulation for non-interventional retrospective health research (Délibération n° 2018-155 du 3 mai 2018) and received approval from our institutional review board (CSET N° 2023-234), in compliance with the Helsinki declaration. Patients were informed about their data use and those who declined access to their medical file were excluded from the study.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gueiderikh, A., Tarabay, A., Abdelouahab, M. et al. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma third line systemic treatments: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Cancer 24, 272 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-024-12016-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-024-12016-z

Keywords

BMC Cancer

ISSN: 1471-2407

Contact us