| Peer-Reviewed

Flight on the Jacobean Stage

Received: 17 September 2014    Accepted: 29 September 2014    Published: 10 October 2014
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

This study is concerned with the historical and theatrical aspects of Middleton’s The Witch. Among the questions it will address are which sources Middleton drew on for this play, and to what extent his witches differ from those in Shakespeare’s Macbeth. This chapter (paper) also considers the question of whether the treatment of witchcraft in Middleton’s The Witch belongs to the English or the Continental tradition. While the historical circumstances of witchcraft ideas are important for an understanding of this play, this paper will demonstrate that questions of genre and visual spectacle are equally important; especially it will argue that the play’s comedy and its visual aspects are mutually dependent. In raising the issue of why the play is categorized as tragicomedy, I examine how comedy and technology come together in this play. Finally, this study explores how the play would have worked on stage, and especially how the witchcraft scenes would have been staged to create a theatrical spectacle: what props, or other staging devices were needed, and how these were adapted during the Renaissance period. The question is also raised here as to when the machinery for staging flying witches came into existence, and whether the stage directions of the supernatural scenes in The Witch and some of Shakespeare’s later plays, Cymbeline and The Tempest, were originally written by the actual authors or scrivener. This paper also examines differences in stage directions for supernatural characters between early modern and contemporary editions of the above plays.

Published in International Journal of Literature and Arts (Volume 2, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijla.20140205.17
Page(s) 192-210
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Stage Directions in Thomas Middleton’s The Witch, Hecate and her Flight at the Blackfriars, Shakespeare’s Cymbeline and The Tempest

References
[1] Adams, John Cranford, The Globe Playhouse: Its design and Equipment, 2nd ed. (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1961)
[2] Adams, Joseph Quincy, Shakespearean Playhouses: A History of English Theatres from the Beginning to the Restoration (Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1960)
[3] Barker, Richard Hindry, Thomas Middleton (New York and London: Columbia University Press and Oxford University Press, 1958)
[4] Beckerman, Bernard, Shakespeare at the Globe, 1599-1609 (New York: Macmillan, 1962)
[5] Bradley, A.C. Shakespearean Tragedy (New York: Palgrave, 1992)
[6] Briggs, K. M. , Pale Hecate’s Team: an Examination of the Beliefs on Witchcraft and Magic among Shakespeare’s Contemporaries and His Immediate Successors (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962)
[7] Briggs, Robin, Witches and Neighbours: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft (London: HarperCollins, 1996)
[8] Corbin, Peter and Douglas Sedge, Three Jacobean Witchcraft Plays: The Tragedy Sophonisba, The Witch, The Witch of Edmonton (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1986)
[9] Cox, John D., ‘Open Stage, Open Page? Editing Stage Directions in Early Dramatic Texts’, in Textual Performances: The Modern Reproduction of Shakespeare’s Drama, eds. Erne and Kidnie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)
[10] Donovan, Frank Robert, Never on a Broomstick (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1971)
[11] Ellis, Havelock, Thomas Middleton: The Best Plays of The Old Dramatists (London: Viizetelly & Co., 1890)
[12] Fletcher, John, The Works of Beaumont and Fletcher, ed. by George Darley, 2 vols (London: Edward Moxon, 1840), i
[13] Galloway, David, The Elizabethan Theatre III (Canada: The Macmillan Company of Canada Limited, 1973)
[14] Gibson, Marion, Witchcraft and Society in England and America, 1550-1750 (London: Continuum, 2003)
[15] Gurr, Andrew, The Shakespearean Stage 1574-1642 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970)
[16] The Shakespearean Stage: 1574-1642, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980)
[17] Harris, Anthony, Night’s Black Agents: Witchcraft and Magic in Seventeenth-century English Drama (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980)
[18] Howard-Hill, T. H., Ralph Crane and Some Shakespeare First Folio Comedies (Charlottesville, 1972).
[19] Johnson, Samuel and George Steevens, William Shakespeare: in Twenty-One Volumes(London: 1813), ii
[20] Jonson, Ben, The Works of Ben Jonson, ed. by Barry Cornwall (London: Routledge, 1859 )
[21] Jowett, John, ‘From Many of Your Companies: Middleton’s Early Readers’, in A Companion to the Collected Works: Thomas Middleton and Early Modern Textual Culture, ed. by Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007), pp. 286-327
[22] ‘New Created Creatures: Ralph Crane and the Stage Directions in The Tempest’, Shakespeare Survey, ed. by Stanley Wells (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), xxxvi, pp. 107-120
[23] Kermode, Frank, ‘The Tempest’, in The Arden Shakespeare: Complete Works, ed. by Richard Proudfoot, Ann Thompson and David Scott Kastan, 3rd series (Surrey: Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1998), pp. 1069-1093
[24] Logan, Terence P. & Denzell S. Smith, The Popular School: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama (Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1975)
[25] Marsden, Jean I., ‘Spectacle, horror, and Pathos’, in The Cambridge Companion to English Restoration Theatre, ed. by Deborah Payne Fisk (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 174-190
[26] McMillin, Scott, ‘Middleton’s Theatres’, in Thomas Middleton: the Collected Works, ed. by Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007), pp. 74-87
[27] Middleton, Thomas, The Works of Thomas Middleton, ed. by A. H. Bullen, 8 vols (New York: AMS press INC, 1964), V
[28] The Witch: A Tragi-coomodie, Called the Witch (Louvain: Librairie: Ch. Uystpruyst, 1945)
[29] The Works of Thomas Middleton, now First Collected: with some account of the author, and notes in five volumes, ed. by Alexander Dyce, 5 vols ( London: E. Lumley, 1840), iii
[30] Muir, Kenneth, The Arden Shakespeare: Macbeth (London: Methuen, 1951)
[31] O’Connor, Marion, ‘The Witch’, in Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works, ed. by Taylor and Lavagnino (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 1124-64
[32] Orgel, Stephen, ‘A Critical Edition of Thomas Middleton’s Your Five Gallants’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Michigan, 1961)
[33] Purkiss, Diane, The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations (London and New York: Routledge, 1996)
[34] Rosen, Barbara, Witchcraft (London: Edward Arnold, 1969)
[35] Schafer, Elizabeth, The Witch: Thomas Middleton (London and New York: A and c Black, 1994)
[36] Schoenbaum, Samuel, ‘Middleton's Tragicomedies’, Modern Philology, 54 (1956), 7-19
[37] Scot, Reginald, Scot’s Discovery of Witchcraft (1651), 1-227, book III, ch. 3.
[38] The Discovery of Witchcraft (New York: Dover publications, 1972)
[39] Shakespeare, William, Macbeth, ed. by A. R. Braunmuller (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)
[40] The Annotated Shakespeare: Complete Works Illustrated, ed. by A. L. Rowse (London: Orbis Books, 1978), iii
[41] The Works of Shakespeare, ed. by Howard Staunton, 3 vols (London: Warne & Routledge, 1864)
[42] The Tempest, ed. by Robert Langbaum (New York: The New American Library; London: The New English Library Limited, 1964)
[43] The Works of Shakespeare, ed. by C. H. Herford, 10 vols (London: Macmillan, 1899), iv
[44] The Complete Works of Shakespeare: including a bibliography and general Introduction, Glossary and Index of Characters, ed. by Charles Jasper Sisson (London: Odhams, 1953)
[45] The Dramatic Works of William Shakespeare, ed. by S. W. Singer, 10 vols (London: George Bell and Sons, 1884)
[46] The Tempest, ed. by Horace Howard Furness, 9 vols (London: J. B. Lippincott, 1892)
[47] The Arden Shakespeare: The Tempest, ed. by Virginia Mason Vaughan and Alden T. Vaughan, third series (London: Thomas Nelson, 1999)
[48] Cymbeline, ed. by Richard Hosley (New York and Toronto: The New American Library; London: The New English Library Limited, 1968)
[49] William Shakespeare: The Tempest, ed. by Anne Righter (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968)
[50] The Works of William Shakespeare, ed. by William George Clark and William Aldis Wright, 9 vols (London: Macmillan, 1866)
[51] The Complete Works of Shakespeare, ed. by Cornwall, 2 vols (London: The London Printing and Publishing Company, [1875])
[52] The Tempest, ed. by Virginia Mason Vaughan and Alden T. Vaughan, 2nd series (London: Arden Shakespeare, 2011)
[53] The Complete Works of Shakespeare: including a bibliography and general Introduction, Glossary and Index of Characters, ed. by Charles Jasper Sisson (London: Odhams, 1953)
[54] The Works of William Shakespeare: The Tempest, ed. by Morton Luce, 4th ed. (London: Methuen, 1938)
[55] The Works of Shakespeare, ed. by C. H. Herford, 10 vols (London: Macmillan, 1899), iv
[56] The Tempest, ed. by Frank Kermode (London: Methuen and Co., 1954)
[57] The Works of Shakespeare: Cymbeline, ed. by Nosworthy (London: Methuen, 1955)
[58] The Complete Work of Shakespeare (Oxford: The Shakespeare Head Press, 1934)
[59] Shakespeare in Twenty Volumes: The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest, ed. by Sidney Lee (Boston and New York: Jefferson Press, 1906), viii
[60] The Complete Oxford Shakespeare: Comedies, ed. by Wells and Taylor, 2 vols (London: Oxford University Press, 1987)
[61] The dramatic writings of Will. Shakspere, with the notes of all the various commentators; Eighteenth Century Collections Online, [accessed 16 May 2012]
[62] William Shakespeare: The Complete Works, ed. Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor, 2nd ed. (Oxford: University Oxford Press, 2005)
[63] The Works of William Shakespeare, ed. by Henry Irving and Frank A. Marshall (London: Blackie & Son, 1890)
[64] Simpson, Jacqueline, ‘Witches and Witchbusters’, Folklore, 107 (1996), 5-18
[65] Smith, Irwin, Shakespeare’s Blackfriars Playhouse: Its History and Its Design (London: Peter Owen, 1964)
[66] Spencer, Christopher, Five Restoration Adaptations of Shakespeare (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1965)
[67] Stern, Tiffany, Making Shakespeare: From Stage to Page (London and New York: Routledge, 2004)
[68] Taylor, Gary, ‘Thomas Middleton: Lives and Afterlives’, in Thomas Middleton: the Collected Works, ed. by Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007), pp.25-58
[69] ‘The Order of Persons’, in A Companion to the Collected Works: Thomas Middleton and Early Modern Textual Culture, ed. by Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 31-79
[70] Tolman, Albert H., ‘Notes on Macbeth’, PMLA, 11 (1896), 200-219
[71] Wickham, Glynne, ‘To Fly Not To Fly? The Problem of Hecate in Shakespeare’s “Macbeth”’ in Essays on Drama and Theatre, ed. by Benjamin Hunningher (Amsterdam: Baarn, 1973), pp. 17-82
[72] ‘The Second Blackfriars’, in English professional Theatre, 1530-1660, ed. by Glynne Wickham, Herbert Berry, and William Ingram (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 501-504
[73] Wilson, F. P., The Witch (Britain: The Malone Society Prints, 1948 (1950))
[74] ‘Slut’, Oxford English Dictionary, [Accessed June 2011]
[75] ‘Tumbler’, Oxford English Dictionary, [Accessed August 2011]
[76] ‘Tumble’, Oxford English Dictionary, [Accessed August 2011]
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Shokhan Rasool Ahmed. (2014). Flight on the Jacobean Stage. International Journal of Literature and Arts, 2(5), 192-210. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijla.20140205.17

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Shokhan Rasool Ahmed. Flight on the Jacobean Stage. Int. J. Lit. Arts 2014, 2(5), 192-210. doi: 10.11648/j.ijla.20140205.17

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Shokhan Rasool Ahmed. Flight on the Jacobean Stage. Int J Lit Arts. 2014;2(5):192-210. doi: 10.11648/j.ijla.20140205.17

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijla.20140205.17,
      author = {Shokhan Rasool Ahmed},
      title = {Flight on the Jacobean Stage},
      journal = {International Journal of Literature and Arts},
      volume = {2},
      number = {5},
      pages = {192-210},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijla.20140205.17},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijla.20140205.17},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijla.20140205.17},
      abstract = {This study is concerned with the historical and theatrical aspects of Middleton’s The Witch. Among the questions it will address are which sources Middleton drew on for this play, and to what extent his witches differ from those in Shakespeare’s Macbeth. This chapter (paper) also considers the question of whether the treatment of witchcraft in Middleton’s The Witch belongs to the English or the Continental tradition. While the historical circumstances of witchcraft ideas are important for an understanding of this play, this paper will demonstrate that questions of genre and visual spectacle are equally important; especially it will argue that the play’s comedy and its visual aspects are mutually dependent. In raising the issue of why the play is categorized as tragicomedy, I examine how comedy and technology come together in this play. Finally, this study explores how the play would have worked on stage, and especially how the witchcraft scenes would have been staged to create a theatrical spectacle: what props, or other staging devices were needed, and how these were adapted during the Renaissance period. The question is also raised here as to when the machinery for staging flying witches came into existence, and whether the stage directions of the supernatural scenes in The Witch and some of Shakespeare’s later plays, Cymbeline and The Tempest, were originally written by the actual authors or scrivener. This paper also examines differences in stage directions for supernatural characters between early modern and contemporary editions of the above plays.},
     year = {2014}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Flight on the Jacobean Stage
    AU  - Shokhan Rasool Ahmed
    Y1  - 2014/10/10
    PY  - 2014
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijla.20140205.17
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijla.20140205.17
    T2  - International Journal of Literature and Arts
    JF  - International Journal of Literature and Arts
    JO  - International Journal of Literature and Arts
    SP  - 192
    EP  - 210
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2331-057X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijla.20140205.17
    AB  - This study is concerned with the historical and theatrical aspects of Middleton’s The Witch. Among the questions it will address are which sources Middleton drew on for this play, and to what extent his witches differ from those in Shakespeare’s Macbeth. This chapter (paper) also considers the question of whether the treatment of witchcraft in Middleton’s The Witch belongs to the English or the Continental tradition. While the historical circumstances of witchcraft ideas are important for an understanding of this play, this paper will demonstrate that questions of genre and visual spectacle are equally important; especially it will argue that the play’s comedy and its visual aspects are mutually dependent. In raising the issue of why the play is categorized as tragicomedy, I examine how comedy and technology come together in this play. Finally, this study explores how the play would have worked on stage, and especially how the witchcraft scenes would have been staged to create a theatrical spectacle: what props, or other staging devices were needed, and how these were adapted during the Renaissance period. The question is also raised here as to when the machinery for staging flying witches came into existence, and whether the stage directions of the supernatural scenes in The Witch and some of Shakespeare’s later plays, Cymbeline and The Tempest, were originally written by the actual authors or scrivener. This paper also examines differences in stage directions for supernatural characters between early modern and contemporary editions of the above plays.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • English Department, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani/Kurdistan, Iraq

  • Sections