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Angiogenesis, Metastasis, and the Cellular Microenvironment

Intrathecal Administration of Y-27632, a Specific Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitor, for Rat Neoplastic Meningitis

Departments of ¹ Neurosurgery and ² Biology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan

Requests for reprints: Hidemitsu Nakagawa, Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan. Phone: 81-6-6972-1181; Fax: 81-6-6981-4509. E-mail: nakagawa-hi{at}mc.pref.osaka.jp

The small GTP-binding protein Rho and its target Rho-associated kinase trigger an intracellular signaling cascade that controls actin cytoskeleton and plays an essential role in cell motility and adhesion. A specific Rho-associated kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, has been reported to inhibit cancer invasion. Clinically, disseminated tumor cells in the cerebrospinal fluid invade the intraparenchymal region, damaging the brain and nerves, resulting in fatal brain stem dysfunction, despite intrathecal chemotherapy. To expand therapeutic options for this devastating neoplastic meningitis, we evaluated the potential use of intrathecal Y-27632 administration by employing Walker 256 cells, a rat mammary cancer cell line. Y-27632 dose-dependently inhibited chemotactic and invasive activity of Walker 256 cells. Y-27632 also inhibited the phosphorylation level of regulatory myosin light chain in vitro, but the effect was temporary and was considerably diminished within 16 hours. Y-27632 induced striking morphologic changes in Walker 256 cells, as evidenced by decreased cell-matrix adhesion in culture dishes and three-dimensional collagen I gels, and slightly inhibited colony formation in soft agar. Nevertheless, this drug treatment did not affect Walker 256 cell growth rate. We were able to administer continuous delivery of this inhibitor using an osmotic pump and maintaining drug concentration of 10 µmol/L within the brain. Importantly, this concentration of Y-27632 showed minimal neurotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. We found that an intrathecal therapy, combining 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine with Y-27632, significantly increased the survival time of rats bearing meningeal carcinomatosis in comparison with animals treated with 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine alone. Taken together, our findings indicate that continuous intrathecal administration of Y-27632 could be a promising therapeutic method when combined with chemotherapy for treating human neoplastic meningitis.

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