Abstract

We study option pricing with risk-minimization criterion in an incomplete market where the dynamics of the risky underlying asset are governed by a jump diffusion equation. We obtain the Radon-Nikodym derivative in the minimal martingale measure and a partial integrodifferential equation (PIDE) of European call option. In a special case, we get the exact solution for European call option by Fourier transformation methods. Finally, we employ the pricing kernel to calculate the optimal portfolio selection by martingale methods.

1. Introduction

Option pricing problem is one of the predominant concerns in the financial market. Since the advent of the justly celebrated Black-Scholes option pricing formula in [1], there has been an increasing amount of literature describing the theory and its practice. Due to drawbacks of the Black-Scholes model which cannot explain numerous empirical facts: large, sudden movements in prices, heavy tails, and the incompleteness of markets, the concentration of losses in a few large downward moves, many option valuation models have been proposed and tested to fit those empirical facts. The jump diffusion models which have well computational and statistical features are successful to solve those drawbacks of the Black-Scholes model in [2–9]. Therefore, in this paper, with those nice properties, we choose this jump diffusion model.

Different from the Black-Scholes framework, we use jump diffusion to describe the price dynamics of underlying assets and let the market of our model be incomplete; that is, it is not possible to replicate the payoff of every contingent claim by a portfolio, and there are several equivalent martingale measures. How to choose a consistent pricing measure from the set of equivalent martingale measures becomes an important problem. That means we need to find some criteria to determine one from the set of equivalent martingale measures in some economically or mathematically motivated fashion. Föllmer and Leukert (2000), Kallsen (1999), Cvitanić et al. (2001), and Bielecki and Jeanblanc (2008) in [10–13] identified a unique equivalent martingale measure by utility maximization. Then the option valuation under the minimal martingale measure was further developed by several researchers. Schweizer (1991), and Föllmer and Schweizer (1991) in [14, 15] found that in the minimal martingale measure, a unique risk-minimizing (or optimal) strategy hedging of contingent claims in incomplete market exists. In our paper, we name the criterion in the minimal martingale measure as risk-minimization criterion. Thus, in the incomplete market, option pricing is approximately possible with risk-minimization criterion. As presented in this paper, our work is based on the task of Föllmer and Schweizer in [14, 15], and the purpose of this paper is to find the minimal martingale measure and the measure switch of asset prices processes with jump diffusion. By using the minimal martingale measure, we obtain the Radon-Nikodym derivative which links the physical and risk-neutral densities and a PIDE of the European option. In a special case, we get the exact solution for European call option by Fourier transformation methods. Recently, Ruan et al. (2013) in [16] studied option pricing with risk-minimization criterion in an incomplete market when the dynamics of the risky underlying asset are governed by a jump diffusion equation with stochastic volatility.

General equilibrium framework is also a popular method to deal with the option pricing in an incomplete market. Pan (2002), Liu and Pan (2003), and Liu et al. (2005) in [17–19] derived the pricing kernel with some restrictions of jump sizes in a general equilibrium setting. Recently, Zhang et al. (2012) in [9] presented an analytical form for the pricing kernel without any distributional assumption on the jumps, the moments in physical and risk-neutral measure, respectively. In this paper, we get pricing kernel and the physical moments in and the risk-neutral physical moments without any distributional assumption on the jumps which are similar to the results of Zhang et al. (2012) [9].

Anther contribution of our paper is finding the optimal portfolio selection and terminal wealth by martingale methods. The popular methods to solve the optimal portfolio problem are stochastic control methods, which derive some complex partial differential equations (PDE). For example, see [20–23]. However, martingale methods, built around the ideas of equivalent martingale measure in complete markets, began with Harrison and Kreps (1979) in [24] and were further developed by Harrison and Pliska (1983) in [25]. They claimed that an optimal terminal wealth was first identified by solving a static optimization problem and then an efficient portfolio was obtained by replicating the optimal terminal wealth. Karatzas et al. (1991) in [26] and He and Pearson (1991) in [27] considered a Brownian model in which the number of stocks was strictly less than the dimension of the driving Brownian motion. In all these papers, it was assumed that the underlying assets satisfy just diffusion processes. In this paper, considering a jump diffusion model, we employ the pricing kernel in minimal martingale measure to degenerate a stochastic optimal terminal wealth problem into a static optimization problem.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present the model for the underlying market and Doob-Meyer decomposition of the risky asset. In Section 3, we investigate an explicit representation of the density process of the minimal martingale measure. In Section 4, we derive a PIDE with respect to the European option and present an exact solution of European call option by Fourier transformation methods in a special case. The optimal portfolio selection problem by martingale methods is studied in Section 5 and conclusions are given in Section 6.

2. The Model

In this paper, we consider the financial market with the following two basic assets:(i)a bond whose price at time is given by (ii)a stock whose price at time is given by Here , , constants , , and ; on the filtered complete space , there are which is 1-dimensional Brownian motion and which is the compensated Poisson random measure. is a Poisson random measure with compensator . Additionally, .

In this model, the jump process built from a compensated Poisson random measure is the sum of its i.i.d. jumps, where the jumps occur according to a Poisson process . In particular, if we denote , , where is the jump intensity and is distribution of the jump size , then the compensated Poisson integral can be rewritten as .

Now, we want to find a unique optimal strategy hedging of contingent claims under risk-minimization criterion. Based on [15], it is equivalent to find the minimal martingale measure from the set of equivalent martingale measures and then obtain approximate prices of contingent claims.

With the Doob-Meyer decomposition, the discounted risky asset price process, , is a special semimartingale and can be written as with where is the martingale part of and is the predictable process of finite variation.

3. Minimal Martingale Measure

We introduce the notions of minimal martingale measure in this section. Föllmer and Schweizer (1991) [15] noticed that the optimal hedging strategy can be computed in terms of the minimal martingale measure. Furthermore, it is uniquely determined. Hence, in the minimal martingale measure, the Radon-Nikodym derivative can be found and computed. Before that, we define the minimal martingale measure.

Definition 1 (see [15]). A local martingale measure , equivalent to the original measure , is called minimal if on and if any square-integrable -martingale which is orthogonal to remains a local martingale under .

Theorem 2 (see [15]). (i) The minimal martingale measure is uniquely determined.
(ii) exists if and only if there exists a predictable process that satisfies

Using Theorem 2, we obtain the following theorem for computing the Radon-Nikodym derivative.

Theorem 3. The Radon-Nikodym derivative in the minimal martingale measure is where

Proof. The theory of the Girsanov transformation shows that the predictable process of bounded variation can also be computed in terms of :
Throughout this paper, we make use of the notations that defined quadratic variation process between and and denote . Under , the predictable process of bounded variation in the Doob-Meyer decomposition of is given by Using Theorem 2 and (10), we have Denote ; then (11) can be written as From (4), we get Hence
From (12), we know that is the Doleans-Dade exponential. Thus, we obtain where Solving (15), we obtain in Theorem 3.

Remark 4. In the minimal martingale measure , we obtain unique Radon-Nikodym derivative which links the physical and minimal martingale measure. The Radon-Nikodym derivative is very important to get the PDE with respect to option price and to determine a pricing kernel which enables the portfolio selection problem to be solved by martingale methods. More details are presented in Section 5.

Remark 5. From the Girsanov theorem, the Brown motion in the minimal martingale measure is and the compensatory of is

Then (2) under the minimal martingale measure is written as To guarantee that is a martingale under the minimal martingale measure , the following corollary is necessary.

Corollary 6. In the minimal martingale measure , is a martingale if and only if

Proof. Substituting into (19), since is a martingale, the drift term must be identical to zero. Then we can get (20).

Remark 7. Using (20), (19) in the minimal martingale measure is written as The minimal martingale measure is a risk-neutral measure.

4. The Pricing Formula for European Call Option

In the minimal martingale measure , the price of the European call option at time with strike price and maturity date is given by and .

By the fact that the discounted price of the European call option is a martingale under , we can obtain the following theorem.

Theorem 8. In the minimal martingale measure , the price of the European call option satisfies the following PIDE: and .

Proof. The total derivative of the discounted option price is
We make the drift term be zero, since the discounted price of the European put option is a martingale. Then we obtain the equation in Theorem 8.

It is difficult to get the solution of European call option from (23). Therefore, we degenerate the model (2) into a special case with following assumption to get an exact solution of the option price.

Assumption 9. (i) In physical measure , we denote , , where is the jump intensity and is distribution of the jump size . Moreover, we denote as expectation operator in physical measure .
(ii) In the minimal martingale measure , using Remark 4, we have , where and denote as expectation operator in this measure.

Then the stock price process (1) in physical measure can be written as and the Radon-Nikodym derivative can be written as where .

The stock price process (21) in the minimal martingale measure can be written as and the price of the European call option satisfies the following equation: and .

Using Fourier transformation methods, it is easy to obtain the solution of (28). The solution is shown in the following theorem.

Theorem 10. The pricing formula of European call option under Assumption 9 is given by where

Proof. First, we denote and ; then, the PDE (28) can be rewritten as Let be Fourier transform of , and .
Denote , ; the inverse Fourier transform is given by Then, the PDE (31) can be rewritten as The solution of (34) is given by where .
Hence, Then

Note 1. Although the pricing formula (29) contains a complex integral, the result is real.

Then, we try to find the relationship of central moments between the physical measure and risk-neutral measure which can help us to study the negative variance risk premium, the implied volatility smirk, and the prediction of realized skewness. The typical literature is Bakshi et al. (2003) in [28], Carr and Wu (2009) in [29], and Neuberger (2012) in [30].

However, to the best of our knowledge, except Zhang et al. (2012) in [9], there is no literature that studies this relationship. First we present a lemma from Zhang et al. (2012) in [9] to prove Proposition 12 which presents the relationship of central moments between the physical measure and risk-neutral measure .

Lemma 11. The first moment, and the second, third, and fourth central moments of the continuously compounded return within , , in the risk-neutral measure are given by where is the first moment and ,, and are the second, third, and fourth central moments in the risk-neutral measure of random number . is the jump intensity in the risk-neutral measure.
The first moment and the second, third, and fourth central moments of the continuously compounded return in the physical measure are given by where is the first moment and ,, and are second, third, and fourth central moments in the physical measure of random number . is the jump intensity in the physical measure.

Proof. See Zhang et al. (2012) in [9].

Proposition 12. The first moment and the second, third, and fourth central moments of the continuously compounded return within , , in the physical measure are given by The first moment and the second, third, and fourth central moments of the continuously compounded return in the minimal martingale measure are given by