Abstract

Using functions from some function classes and a generalized Riccati technique, we establish Kamenev-type oscillation criteria for second-order nonlinear dynamic equations on time scales of the form . Two examples are included to show the significance of the results.

1. Introduction

In this paper, we study the second-order nonlinear dynamic equation on a time scale .

Throughout this paper, we will assume that(C1) ,(C2) , where is a fixed positive constant,(C3) , and there exist such that for all ,(C4) .

Preliminaries about time scale calculus can be found in [13], and hence we omit them here. Note that for some typical time scales, we have the following properties, respectively:

(1) , we have

(2) , we have

(3) , we have

(4) , we have

Without loss of generality, we assume throughout that since we are interested in extending oscillation criteria for the typical time scales above.

Definition 1. A solution of (1) is said to have a generalized zero at if , and it is said to be nonoscillatory on if there exists such that for all . Otherwise, it is oscillatory. Equation (1) is said to be oscillatory if all solutions of (1) are oscillatory.

The theory of time scales, which has recently received a lot of attention, was introduced by Stefan Hilger in his Ph.D. thesis [4] in 1988 in order to unify continuous and discrete analysis; see also [5]. In recent years, there has been much research activity concerning the oscillation and nonoscillation of solutions of dynamic equations on time scales; for example, see [128] and the references therein. In Došlý and Hilger [10], the authors considered the second-order dynamic equation and gave necessary and sufficient conditions for the oscillation of all solutions on unbounded time scales. In Del Medico and Kong [8, 9], the authors employed the following Riccati transformation and gave sufficient conditions for Kamenev-type oscillation criteria of (6) on a measure chain.

In Wang [25], the author considered second-order nonlinear damped differential equation used the following generalized Riccati transformations where , and gave a new oscillation criteria of (8). In Huang and Wang [16], the authors considered second-order nonlinear dynamic equation on time scales By using a similar generalized Riccati transformation which is more general than (7) where , , the authors extended the results in Del Medico and Kong [8, 9] and established some new Kamenev-type oscillation criteria.

In this paper, we will use functions in some function classes and a similar generalized Riccati transformation as (11) and was used in [25, 26] for nonlinear differential equations, and establish Kamenev-type oscillation criteria for (1) in Section 2. Finally, in Section 3, two examples are included to show the significance of the results.

For simplicity, throughout this paper, we denote , where , and are denoted similarly.

2. Kamenev-Type Criteria

In this section we establish Kamenev-type criteria for oscillation of (1). Our approach to oscillation problems of (1) is based largely on the application of the Riccati transformation. Now, we give the first lemma.

Lemma 2. Assume that (C1)–(C4) hold and that there exists a function such that . Also, suppose that is a solution of (1) satisfies for with . For , define where , , and for . Then, satisfies where = + ,   = , = .

Proof. By (C3), we see that and are both positive, both negative, or both zero. When , which implies that , it follows that When , which implies that , it follows that When , which implies that and , it follows that
Hence, we always have that is, (13) holds. Then, differentiating (12) and using (1), it follows that that is, (14) holds. Lemma 2 is proved.

Remark 3. In Lemma 2, the condition ensures that the coefficient of in (14) is always negative. The condition is obvious and easy to be fulfilled. For example, when for all , we have , by (C3), we see that , and when , the condition is also fulfilled.

Let and . For any function : , denote by and the partial derivatives of with respect to and , respectively. For , denote by the space of functions which are integrable on any compact subset of . Define These function classes will be used throughout this paper. Now, we are in a position to give our first theorem.

Theorem 4. Assume that (C1)–(C4) hold and that there exists a function such that . Also, suppose that there exist and such that and for any , where is defined as before, and Then, (1) is oscillatory.

Proof. Assume that (1) is not oscillatory. Without loss of generality, we may assume there exists such that for . Let be defined by (12). Then, by Lemma 2, (13) and (14) hold.
For simplicity in the following, we let , and and omit the arguments in the integrals. For ,
Since on , we see that . From and (C3), we have
Multiplying (14), where is replaced by , by and integrating it with respect to from to with and , we obtain Noting that , by the integration by parts formula, we have
Since on , from (13) we see that for , For , , and , from (24), we have
For , , and , from (24), we have Therefore, for all , , we have Then, from (26), (27), and (30), we obtain that for and , Hence, which contradicts (21) and completes the proof.

Remark 5. If we change the condition in the definition of with a stronger one , (24) in the proof of Theorem 4 will be changed with Then, the definition of can be simplified as
In the sequel, we define
When , by (C3), we see that and (1) is simplified as
Now, we have the following theorem, but we should note that this result does not apply to the case where all points in are right dense.

Theorem 6. Assume that (C1)–(C4) with hold and that there exists a function such that . Let , and be defined by (35) and (36). Then, (37) is oscillatory provided there exists , , such that for any , one of the following holds(i) and (ii) and (iii) and where , is defined as before, and

Proof. Assume that (37) is not oscillatory. Without loss of generality, we may assume there exists such that for . Let be defined by (12) with . Then, by Lemma 2, (13) and (14) hold for . So, we have where and are defined as in Lemma 2.
For simplicity in the following, we let , and and omit the arguments in the integrals. Multiplying , where is replaced by , by and integrating it with respect to from to and then using the integration by parts formula, we have that For , Hence,
Furthermore, for , , and , For , , and , Hence, for all , , we have
From (42), (44), and (47), we have
For , implies that Hence,
Assume that condition (i) holds. Let in (50). Then, we obtain Taking the as on both sides, we have which contradicts (38).
The conclusions with conditions (ii) and (iii) can be proved similarly. We omit the details. The proof is complete.

When , Theorems 4 and 6 can be simplified as the following corollaries, respectively.

Corollary 7. Assume that (C1)–(C4) hold and that there exists a function such that . Also, suppose that there exists such that for any , Then, (1) is oscillatory.

Corollary 8. Assume that (C1)–(C4) with hold and that there exists a function such that . Let , and be defined by (35) and (36). Then, (37) is oscillatory provided that there exists , , such that for any , one of the following holds(i) and (ii) and (iii) and

Remark 9. When and , Theorems 4 and 6 reduce to [16, Theorems 2.1 and 2.2], respectively. When , , , and , Theorems 4 and 6 reduce to [8, Theorems 2.1 and 2.2], respectively.

3. Examples

In this section, we will show the application of our oscillation criteria in two examples. We first give an example to demonstrate Theorem 4 (or Corollary 7).

Example 10. Consider the equation where , , , and , so we have , , and . Let and , we have
(1) , That is, (53) holds. By Corollary 7, we see that (57) is oscillatory;
(2) , that is, (53) holds. By Corollary 7, we see that (57) is oscillatory;
(3) , , that is, (53) holds. By Corollary 7, we see that (57) is oscillatory;
(4) , that is, (53) holds. By Corollary 7, we see that (57) is oscillatory.

The second example illustrates Theorem 6.

Example 11. Consider the equation where , , , and , so we have , . Let , we have
(1) , let . When is sufficiently large, there exists such that that is, in Theorem 6, (i) and (38) hold. Then, (62) is oscillatory;
(2) , , let . When is sufficiently large, there exists such that that is, in Theorem 6, (ii) and (39) hold. Then, (62) is oscillatory;
(3) , let . When is sufficiently large, there exists such that that is, in Theorem 6, (iii) and (40) hold. Then, (62) is oscillatory.

Acknowledgments

The authors sincerely thank the referees for their valuable comments and suggestions. This Project was supported by the NNSF of China (nos. 10971231, 11071238, and 11271379).