HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 293/4/R1671    most recent 00400.2007v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (5) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Parati, G. Articles by Narkiewicz, K. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Parati, G. Articles by Narkiewicz, K.

INVITED REVIEW

ENVIRONMENTAL, EXERCISE AND RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Sleep apnea: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and relation to cardiovascular risk

¹Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milano-Bicocca, and ²Department of Cardiology, San Luca Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Auxologico, Italiano, Milan, Italy; ³Hypertension Unit; Department of Hypertension and Diabetology; Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland

Several studies have shown the occurrence of an independent association between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and cardiovascular disease, including arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and stroke. The pathogenesis of the cardiovascular complications of OSAS is still poorly understood, however. Several mechanisms are likely to be involved, including sympathetic overactivity, selective activation of inflammatory molecular pathways, endothelial dysfunction, abnormality in the process of coagulation, and metabolic dysregulation. The latter may involve insulin resistance and disorders of lipid metabolism. The aim of this review, which reports the data presented at a workshop jointly endorsed by the European Society of Hypertension and by the European Union COST action on OSAS (COST B26), is to critically summarize the evidence available to support an independent association between OSAS and cardiovascular disease.

basic mechanisms; intermittent hypoxia; sleep-disordered breathing; autonomic cardiovascular regulation; obesity

This article has been cited by other articles:

				G. K. Sakkas, C. Karatzaferi, E. Zintzaras, C. D. Giannaki, V. Liakopoulos, E. Lavdas, E. Damani, N. Liakos, I. Fezoulidis, Y. Koutedakis, et al. Liver fat, visceral adiposity, and sleep disturbances contribute to the development of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in nondiabetic dialysis patients Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, December 1, 2008; 295(6): R1721 - R1729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Silvani, D. Grimaldi, S. Vandi, G. Barletta, R. Vetrugno, F. Provini, G. Pierangeli, C. Berteotti, P. Montagna, G. Zoccoli, et al. Sleep-dependent changes in the coupling between heart period and blood pressure in human subjects Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 2008; 294(5): R1686 - R1692. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Simpson, K. R. Brunt, and S. Iscoe Repeated inspiratory occlusions acutely impair myocardial function in rats J. Physiol., May 1, 2008; 586(9): 2345 - 2355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Trinder Cardiovascular control during sleep: "Sleep-dependent changes in the coupling between heart period and blood pressure in human subjects," by Silvani et al. Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 2008; 294(5): R1684 - R1685. [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Nakagawa, K. Kishida, S. Kihara, M. Sonoda, A. Hirata, A. Yasui, H. Nishizawa, T. Nakamura, R. Yoshida, I. Shimomura, et al. Nocturnal reduction in circulating adiponectin concentrations related to hypoxic stress in severe obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, April 1, 2008; 294(4): E778 - E784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]