Abstract
We present a new method for rendering complex environments using interactive, progressive, view-independent, parallel ray tracing. A four-dimensional holodeck data structure serves as a rendering target and caching mechanism for interactive walk-throughs of nondiffuse environments with full global illumination. Ray sample density varies locally according to need, and on-demand ray computation is supported in a parallel implementation. The holodeck file is stored on disk and cached in memory by a server using a least-recently-used (LRU) beam-replacement strategy. The holodeck server coordinates separate ray evaluation and display processes, optimizing disk and memory usage. Different display systems are supported by specialized drivers, which handle display rendering, user interaction, and input. The display driver creates an image from ray samples sent by the server and permits the manipulation of local objects, which are rendered dynamically using approximate lighting computed from holodeck samples. The overall method overcomes many of the conventionl limits of interactive rendering in scenes with complex surface geometry and reflectance properties, through an effective combination of ray tracing, caching, and hardware rendering.
- AIREY, J. M. 1990. Increasing update rates in the building walkthrough system with automatic model-space subdivision and potentially visible set calculations. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC. Google Scholar
- ASHDOWN, I. 1993. Near-field photometry: a new approach. J. Illuminating Eng. Soc. 22, 1, 163-180.Google Scholar
- BALA, K., DORSEY, J., AND TELLER, S. 1998. Bounded-error interactive ray tracing. TR-748. MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, Cambridge, MA. Google Scholar
- CAMAHORT, E., LERIOS, A., AND FUSSELL, D. 1998. Uniformly sampled light fields. In Proceedings of the 1998 Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques, G. Drettakis and N. Max, Eds.Google Scholar
- CHEN, S. E. 1995. QuickTime VR: An image-based approach to virtual environment navigation. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual ACM Conference on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '95, Los Angeles, CA, Aug. 9-11), S. G. Mair and R. Cook, Eds. Annual conference series ACM Press, New York, NY, 29-38. Google Scholar
- COHEN, M. F., CHEN, S. E., WALLACE, J. R., AND GREENBERG, D. P. 1988. A progressive refinement approach to fast radiosity image generation. In Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '88, Atlanta, GA, Aug. 1-5), R. J. Beach, Ed. ACM Press, New York, NY, 75-84. Google Scholar
- CRUZ-NEIRA, C., SANDIN, D. J., AND DEFANTI, T.A. 1993. Surround-screen projection-based virtual reality: the design and implementation of the CAVE. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '93, Anaheim, CA, Aug. 1-6, 1993), M. C. Whitton, Ed. ACM Press, New York, NY, 135-142. Google Scholar
- DARSA, L., COSTA SILVA, B., AND VARSHNEY, A. 1997. Navigating static environments using image-space simplification and morphing. In Proceedings of the 1997 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics (SI3D '97, Providence, RI, Apr. 27-30, 1997), A. van Dam, Ed. ACM Press, New York, NY, 25ff. Google Scholar
- DARSA, L. AND SILVA, B. C. 1996. Multi-resolution representation and reconstruction of adaptively sampled images. In Proceedings of the Conference on SIBGRAPI '96, 321-328.Google Scholar
- DEBEVEC, P. E., TAYLOR, C. J., AND MALIK, J. 1996. Modeling and rendering architecture from photographs: A hybrid geometry- and image-based approach. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '96, New Orleans, LA, Aug. 4-9, 1996), J. Fujii, Ed. Annual conference series ACM Press, New York, NY, 11-20. Google Scholar
- DIEFENBACH, P.J. 1996. ipeline rendering: Interaction and realism through hardware-based multi-pass rendering. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Google Scholar
- GORTLER, S. J., GRZESZCZUK, R., SZELISKI, R., AND COHEN, M. F. 1996. The Lumigraph. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '96, New Orleans, LA, Aug. 4-9, 1996), J. Fujii, Ed. Annual conference series ACM Press, New York, NY, 43-54. Google Scholar
- GREENE, N. 1996. Hierarchical polygon tiling with coverage masks. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '96, New Orleans, LA, Aug. 4-9, 1996), J. Fujii, Ed. Annual conference series ACM Press, New York, NY, 65-74. Google Scholar
- GREENE, N., KASS, M., AND MILLER, G. 1993. Hierarchical Z-buffer visibility. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '93, Anaheim, CA, Aug. 1-6, 1993), M. C. Whitton, Ed. ACM Press, New York, NY, 231-238. Google Scholar
- GUIBAS, L. AND STOLFI, J. 1985. Primitives for the manipulation of general subdivisions and the computation of Voronoi. ACM Trans. Graph. 4, 2, 74-123. Google Scholar
- Guo, B. 1998. Progressive radiance evaluation using directional coherence maps. In Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '98, Orlando, FL, July 19-24, 1998), S. Cunningham, W. Bransford, and M. F. Cohen, Eds. ACM Press, New York, NY, 255-266. Google Scholar
- HAEBERLI, P. 1990. Paint by numbers: Abstract image representations. SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph. 24, 4 (Aug. 1990), 207-214. Google Scholar
- KIRK, D. AND ARVO, J. 1991. Unbiased sampling techniques for image synthesis. SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph. 25, 4 (July 1991), 153-156. Google Scholar
- LARSON, G.W. 1988. The holodeck: A parallel ray-caching rendering system (Unpublished presentation). In Proceedings of the 2nd Eurographics Workshop on Parallel Graphics and Visualization (Rennes, France, Sept. 1988),Google Scholar
- LARSON, G. W., RUSHMEIER, H., AND PIATKO, C. 1997. Visibility matching tone reproduction. IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph. 25, 4, 291-306. Google Scholar
- LARSON, G. W. AND SHAKESPEARE, R. 1998. Rendering with Radiance: the Art and Science of Lighting Visualization. Morgan Kaufmann computer graphics and geometric modeling series. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA. Google Scholar
- LEVOY, M. AND HANRAHAN, P. 1996. Light field rendering. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '96, New Orleans, LA, Aug. 4-9, 1996), J. Fujii, Ed. Annual conference series ACM Press, New York, NY, 31-42. Google Scholar
- LISCHINSKI, D. 1994. Incremental Delaunay triangulation. In Graphics Gems IV, P. S. Heckbert, Ed. Academic Press Graphics Gems series. Academic Press Prof., Inc., San Diego, CA, 47-59. Google Scholar
- LISCHINSKI, D. AND RAPPOPORT, A. 1998. Image-based rendering for non-diffuse synthetic scenes. In Proceedings of the 9th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering (Vienna, Austria, June 1998), 301-314.Google Scholar
- LUEBKE, D. AND ERIKSON, C. 1997. View-dependent simplification of arbitrary polygonal environments. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH '97, Los Angeles, CA, Aug. 3-8), G. S. Owen, T. Whitted, and B. Mones-Hattal, Eds. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publ. Co., New York, NY, 199-208. Google Scholar
- MCMILLAN, L. AND BISHOP, G. 1995. Plenoptic modeling: An image-based rendering system. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual ACM Conference on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '95, Los Angeles, CA, Aug. 9-11), S. G. Mair and R. Cook, Eds. Annual conference series ACM Press, New York, NY, 39-46. Google Scholar
- MILLER, G., RUBIN, S., AND PONCELEN, D. 1998. Lazy decompression of surface light fields for pre-computed global illumination. In Proceedings of the 9th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering (Vienna, Austria, June 1998),Google Scholar
- NIMEROFF, J., DORSEY, J., AND RUSHMEIER, H. 1996. Implementation and analysis of a global illumination framework for animated environments. IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graph. 2, 3, 283-298. Google Scholar
- OFEK, E. AND RAPPOPORT, A. 1998. Interactive reflections on curved objects. In Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '98, Orlando, FL, July 19-24, 1998), S. Cunningham, W. Bransford, and M. F. Cohen, Eds. ACM Press, New York, NY, 333-342. Google Scholar
- PIGHIN, F., LISCHINSKI, D., AND SALESIN, D. 1997. Progressive previewing of ray-traced images using image-plane discontinuity meshing. In Proceedings of the 8th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering (June 1997), 115-124. Google Scholar
- PREPARATA, F. P. AND SHAMOS,M. 1985. Proximity: Fundamental Algorithms. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.Google Scholar
- SCHAUFLER, G. 1998. Per-object image warping with layered imposters. In Proceedings of the 1998 Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques, G. Drettakis and N. Max, Eds.Google Scholar
- SHADE, J., LISCHINSKI, D., SALESIN, D. H., DEROSE, T., AND SNYDER, J. 1996. Hierarchical image caching for accelerated walkthroughs of complex environments. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '96, New Orleans, LA, Aug. 4-9, 1996), J. Fujii, Ed. Annual conference series ACM Press, New York, NY, 75-82. Google Scholar
- SHIRLEY, P., WADE, B., HUBBARD, P., ZARESKI, D., WALTER, B., AND GREENBERG, D. 1995. Global illumination via density estimation. In Proceedings of the 1995 Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques, 219-230.Google Scholar
- SILLION, F., DRETTAKIS, G., AND BODELET, B. 1997. Efficient imposter manipulation for real-time visualization of urban scenery. In Proceedings of the 1997 Eurographics Forum on Computer Graphics, 207-218.Google Scholar
- SILLION, F. AND PUECH, C. 1994. Radiosity and Global Illumination. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA. Google Scholar
- TELLER, S. J. AND S QUIN, C. H. 1991. Visibility preprocessing for interactive walkthroughs. SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph. 25, 4 (July 1991), 61-70. Google Scholar
- TUMBLIN, g. AND RUSHMEIER, H. 1993. Tone reproduction for realistic images. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 13, 6, 42-48. Google Scholar
- VOORHIES, D. AND FORAN, J. 1994. Reflection vector shading hardware. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '94, Orlando, FL, July 24-29, 1994), D. Schweitzer, A. Glassner, and M. Keeler, Eds. ACM Press, New York, NY, 163-166. Google Scholar
- WALTER, B., ALPPAY, G., LAFORTUNE, E., FERNANDEZ, S., AND GREENBERG, D. P. 1997. Fitting virtual lights for non-diffuse walkthroughs. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH '97, Los Angeles, CA, Aug. 3-8), G. S. Owen, T. Whitted, and B. Mones-Hattal, Eds. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publ. Co., New York, NY, 45-48. Google Scholar
- WALTER, B., DRETTAKIS, G., AND PARKER, S. 1999. Interactive rendering using the render cache. In Proceedings of the lOth Eurographics Workshop on Rendering (June), 27-38. Google Scholar
- WARD, G. 1991. Real Pixels. Academic Press Prof., Inc., San Diego, CA.Google Scholar
- WARD, G.J. 1994. The RADIANCE lighting simulation and rendering system. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '94, Orlando, FL, July 24-29, 1994), D. Schweitzer, A. Glassner, and M. Keeler, Eds. ACM Press, New York, NY, 459-472. Google Scholar
- WARD, G. J., RUBINSTEIN, F. M., AND CLEAR, R. D. 1988. A ray tracing solution for diffuse interreflection. In Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '88, Atlanta, GA, Aug. 1-5), R. J. Beach, Ed. ACM Press, New York, NY, 85-92. Google Scholar
Index Terms
- The holodeck ray cache: an interactive rendering system for global illumination in nondiffuse environments
Recommendations
Complex Luminaires: Illumination and Appearance Rendering
Simulating a complex luminaire such as a chandelier is expensive and slow, even using state-of-the-art algorithms. A more practical alternative is to use precomputation to accelerate rendering. Prior approaches cached information on an aperture surface ...
Interactive global illumination in dynamic scenes
SIGGRAPH '02: Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniquesIn this paper, we present a system for interactive computation of global illumination in dynamic scenes. Our system uses a novel scheme for caching the results of a high quality pixel-based renderer such as a bidirectional path tracer. The Shading Cache ...
Ray tracing-based interactive diffuse indirect illumination
Despite great efforts in recent years to accelerate global illumination computation, the real-time ray tracing of fully dynamic scenes to support photorealistic indirect illumination effects has yet to be achieved in computer graphics. In this paper, we ...
Comments