ABSTRACT
As smartphone usage increases, safety concerns have arisen. Previous research suggested cognitive impairments while using mobile devices in walking conditions. Mobile user interfaces that are designed in ways not to require users' full attention may mitigate the safety concerns. Primary focus of this research was on the perception process during visual search rather than the physical target selection by finger tapping, which most previous research focused on. The effects of object size, contrast, and target location on mobile devices while walking and standing were examined. A serial visual search using "T" and "L" shapes on a mobile device was conducted, which controlled for the physical target selection involvement. The results showed that walking, bigger object size, and the target position in the outer area of the mobile device display slowed the visual search reaction time. This suggests mobile interface improvement possibilities by proper object sizing and placement.
- Android user interface guidelines. Retrieved from http://developer.android.com/guide/practices/ui_guidelines/icon_design.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Apple iPhone human Interface guidelines. Retrieved from http://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/userexperience/conceptual/mobilehig/MobileHIG.pdfGoogle Scholar
- BergInsight: Smartphone markets and technologies (2nd ed.). (2011). Retrieved from http://berginsight.comGoogle Scholar
- ComScore Report: Smartphone market share. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_ReleasesGoogle Scholar
- Drewes, H., Luca, A. D., & Schmidt, A. (2007). Eye-gaze interaction for mobile phones. Mobility: Proc. of 4th International Conference on Mobile Technology, Applications and Systems (pp. 364--371). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Everett, S. P., & Byrne, M. D. (2004). Unintended effects: Varying icon spacing changes users' visual search strategy. Human Factors in Computing Systems: Proc. of CHI 2004 (pp. 695--702). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fitts, P. M. (1954). The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47(6), 381--391.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Hasegawa, S., Miyao, M., Matsunuma, S., Fujikake, K., & Omori, M. (2008). Effects of aging and display contrast on the legibility of characters on mobile phone screens. 21st Symposium on Human Factors in Telecommunication, 2(4), 7--12.Google Scholar
- Hatfield, J., & Murphy, S. (2007). The effects of mobile phone use on pedestrian crossing behavior at signalised and unsignalised intersections. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 39, 197--205.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Honan, M. (2007). Apple unveils iPhone. Macworld. Retrieved from http://www.macworld.com/article/54769/2007/01/iphone.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Hyman, I. E., Boss S. M., Wise, B. M., McKenzie, K. E., & Caggiano, J. M. (2010). Did you see the unicycling clown? Inattentional blindness while walking and talking on a cell phone. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24, 597--607.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kane, S. K., Wobbrock, J. O., and Smith, I. E. (2008). Getting off the treadmill: Evaluating walking user interfaces for mobile devices in public spaces. Proc. of MobileHCI 2008 (pp. 109--188). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lee, D., Chao, C., Ko, Y., & Shen, I. (2011). Effect of light source, ambient illumination, character size and interline spacing on visual performance and visual fatigue with electronic paper displays. Displays, 32(1), 1--7.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lin, M., Goldman, R., Price, K. J., Sears, A., & Jacko, J. (2007). How do people tap when walking? An empirical investigation of nomadic data entry. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 65(9), 759--769. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ling, J., & Schaik, P. (2006). The influence of line spacing and text alignment on visual search of web pages. Displays, 8(2), 60--67.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Mizobuchi, S., Chignell, M., and Newton, D. (2005). Mobile text entry: relationship between walking speed and text input task difficulty. Proc. of MobileHCI 2005 (pp. 122--128). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Nagamatsu, T., Yamamoto, M., & Sato, H. (2010). MobiGaze: Development of a gaze interface for handheld mobile devices. Human Factors in Computing Systems: Proc. of the 28th of the International conference extended abstracts (pp. 3349--3354). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- NASA Ames Research Center: Manual of NASA Task Load Index (TLX), v 1.0. (1987). Retrieved from http://human-factors.arc.nasa.gov/groups/TLX/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Nasar, J., Hecht, P., & Wener, R. (2008). Mobile telephones, distracted attention, and pedestrian safety. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 40, 69--75.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ophir, E., Nass, C., & Wagner, A. D. (2009). Cognitive control in media multitaskers. Proc. of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 106, 15583--15587. doi: 10.1073/pnas0903620106Google ScholarCross Ref
- Park, Y. S., Han, S. H., Park, J., & Cho, Y. (2008). Touch key design for target selection on a mobile phone. Proc. of MobileHCI 2008 (pp. 423--426). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Richtel, M. (2010). Forget gum. Walking and using phone is risky. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/17/technology/17distracted.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Schaik, P. V., & Ling, J. (2001). The effects of frame layout and differential background contrast on visual search performance in web pages. Interacting with Computers, 13, 513--525.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Schildbach, B., & Rukzio, E. (2010). Investigating selection and reading performance on a mobile phone while walking. Proc. of MobileHCI 2010 (pp. 93--102). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Stavrinos, D., Byington, K. W., & Schwebel, D. C. (2009). Effect of cell phone distraction on pediatric pedestrian injury risk. Pediatrics, 123, 179--185.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Tseng,Y., & Howes, A. (2008). The adaptation of visual search strategy to expected information gain. Proc. of CHI 2008 (pp. 1075--1084). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Vadas, K., Patel, N., Lyons, K., Starner, T., & Jacko, J. (2006). Reading on-the-go: a comparison of audio and hand-held displays. Proc. of MobileHCI 2006 (pp. 221--226). New York: ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Vlaskamp, B. N. S., Over, E. A. B., & Hooge, I. T. (2005). Saccadic search performance: the effect of element spacing. Experimental Brain Research, 167(2), 246--259.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Wolfe, J. M., & Horowitz, T. S. (2004). What attributes guide the deployment of visual attention and how do they do it? Nature Review Neuroscience, 5, 1--7.Google ScholarCross Ref
- World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 Retrieved from http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG/Google Scholar
- Zuffi, S., Brambilla, C., Beretta, G., & Scala, P. (2007). Human computer interaction: legibility and contrast. In R. Cucchiara (Ed.), Proc. of International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing 2007 (pp. 241--246). New York: IEEE. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Visual search on a mobile device while walking
Recommendations
Investigating selection and reading performance on a mobile phone while walking
MobileHCI '10: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices and servicesMore and more people interact with their mobile phone while walking. The presented research analyzes; firstly, the negative effect of walking when considering reading and target selection tasks, such as weaker performance and higher workload. Here, we ...
Investigating Pressure-based Interactions with Mobile Phones While Walking and Encumbered
MobileHCI '15: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services AdjunctIn encumbered (e.g. carrying shopping bags) and walking situations, interacting with mobile phones is physically demanding and leads to poor input performance. This paper presents two user studies which investigate the effectiveness of using pressure as ...
Analysis of Visual Performance during the Use of Mobile Devices While Walking
11th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics - Volume 8532Mobile computers and smartphones are often used while their users are walking. From an ergonomic viewpoint, this requires a thorough design of the user interface. Although styleguides provide multiple recommendations there is little known about basic ...
Comments