Abstract
We present an overview of our recent investigations of long-range interactions in an ultracold Cs Rydberg gas. These interactions are studied by high-resolution photoassociation spectroscopy, using excitation close to one-photon transitions into np3/2 Rydberg states with pulsed and continuous-wave ultraviolet laser radiation, and lead to the formation of long-range Cs2 molecules. We observe two types of molecular resonances. The first type originates from the correlated excitation of two atoms into Rydberg-atom-pair states interacting at long range via multipole-multipole interactions. The second type results from the interaction of one atom excited to a Rydberg state with one atom in the electronic ground state. Which type of resonances is observed in the experiments depends on the laser intensity and frequency and on the pulse sequences used to prepare the Rydberg states. We obtain insights into both types of molecular resonances by modelling the interaction potentials, using a multipole expansion of the long-range interaction for the first type of resonances and a Fermi-contact pseudo-potential for the second type of resonances. We analyse the relation of these long-range molecular resonances to molecular Rydberg states and ion-pair states, and discuss their decay channels into atomic and molecular ions. In experiments carried out with a two-colour two-photon excitation scheme, we observe a large enhancement of Rydberg-excitation probability, which we interpret as a saturable autocatalytic antiblockade phenomenon.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
T.F. Gallagher, Rydberg Atoms (Cambridge University Press, 2005)
H. Saßmannshausen, F. Merkt, J. Deiglmayr, Phys. Rev. A 87, 032519 (2013)
J. Deiglmayr, H. Herburger, H. Saßmannshausen, P. Jansen, H. Schmutz, F. Merkt, Phys. Rev. A 93, 013424 (2016)
E. Amaldi, E. Segrè, Il Nuovo Cimento 11, 145 (1934)
E. Fermi, Il Nuovo Cimento 11, 157 (1934)
C.H. Greene, A.S. Dickinson, H.R. Sadeghpour, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2458 (2000)
V. Bendkowsky, B. Butscher, J. Nipper, J.P. Shaffer, R. Löw, T. Pfau, Nature 458, 1005 (2009)
V. Bendkowsky, B. Butscher, J. Nipper, J.B. Balewski, J.P. Shaffer, R. Löw, T. Pfau, W. Li, J. Stanojevic, T. Pohl, J.M. Rost, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 163201 (2010)
W. Li, T. Pohl, J.M. Rost, S.T. Rittenhouse, H.R. Sadeghpour, J. Nipper, B. Butscher, J.B. Balewski, V. Bendkowsky, R. Löw, T. Pfau, Science 334, 1110 (2011)
D.A. Anderson, S.A. Miller, G. Raithel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 163201 (2014)
D.A. Anderson, S.A. Miller, G. Raithel, Phys. Rev. A 90, 062518 (2014)
H. Saßmannshausen, F. Merkt, J. Deiglmayr, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 133201 (2015)
G. Vitrant, J.M. Raimond, M. Gross, S. Haroche, J. Phys. B 15, L49 (1982)
T.F. Gallagher, K.A. Safinya, F. Gounand, J.F. Delpech, W. Sandner, R. Kachru, Phys. Rev. A 25, 1905 (1982)
M.P. Robinson, B. Laburthe-Tolra, M.W. Noel, T.F. Gallagher, P. Pillet, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 4466 (2000)
W. Li, P.J. Tanner, T.F. Gallagher, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 173001 (2005)
M.D. Lukin, M. Fleischhauer, R. Côté, L.M. Duan, D. Jaksch, J.I. Cirac, P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 037901 (2001)
E. Urban, T.A. Johnson, T. Henage, L. Isenhower, D.D. Yavuz, T.G. Walker, M. Saffman, Nat. Phys. 5, 110 (2009)
A. Gaetan, Y. Miroshnychenko, T. Wilk, A. Chotia, M. Viteau, D. Comparat, P. Pillet, A. Browaeys, P. Grangier, Nat. Phys. 5, 115 (2009)
T. Wilk, A. Gaïtan, C. Evellin, J. Wolters, Y. Miroshnychenko, P. Grangier, A. Browaeys, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 010502 (2010)
T.E. Lee, H. Häffner, M.C. Cross, Phys. Rev. A 84, 031402 (2011)
C. Carr, R. Ritter, C.G. Wade, C.S. Adams, K.J. Weatherill, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 113901 (2013)
N. Malossi, M.M. Valado, S. Scotto, P. Huillery, P. Pillet, D. Ciampini, E. Arimondo, O. Morsch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 023006 (2014)
S.M. Farooqi, D. Tong, S. Krishnan, J. Stanojevic, Y.P. Zhang, J.R. Ensher, A.S. Estrin, C. Boisseau, R. Côté, E.E. Eyler, P.L. Gould, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 183002 (2003)
J. Stanojevic, R. Côté, D. Tong, S.M. Farooqi, E.E. Eyler, P.L. Gould, Eur. Phys. J. D 40, 3 (2006)
J. Stanojevic, R. Côté, D. Tong, E.E. Eyler, P.L. Gould, Phys. Rev. A 78, 052709 (2008)
A. Schwettmann, K.R. Overstreet, J. Tallant, J.P. Shaffer, J. Mod. Opt. 54, 2551 (2007)
K.R. Overstreet, A. Schwettmann, J. Tallant, J.P. Shaffer, Phys. Rev. A 76, 011403 (2007)
K.R. Overstreet, A. Schwettmann, J. Tallant, D. Booth, J.P. Shaffer, Nat. Phys. 5, 581 (2009)
J. Deiglmayr, H. Saßmannshausen, P. Pillet, F. Merkt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 193001 (2014)
H. Saßmannshausen, F. Merkt, J. Deiglmayr, Phys. Rev. A 92, 032505 (2015)
W. C. Stwalley, Y.-H. Uang, G. Pichler, Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, 1164 (1978)
D. Booth, S.T. Rittenhouse, J. Yang, H.R. Sadeghpour, J.P. Shaffer, Science 348, 99 (2015)
R.J. Le Roy, in R.F. Barrow, D.A. Long, D.J. Millen (Eds.), Molecular Spectroscopy, Vol. 1, (Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1973), pp. 113–176
S.D. Hogan, F. Merkt, ChemPhysChem 10, 2931 (2009)
A. Krupp, A. Gaj, J. Balewski, P. Ilzhöfer, S. Hofferberth, R. Löw, T. Pfau, M. Kurz, P. Schmelcher, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 143008 (2014)
T. Manthey, T. Niederprüm, O. Thomas, H. Ott, New J. Phys. 17, 103024 (2015)
J. Tallant, S.T. Rittenhouse, D. Booth, H.R. Sadeghpour, J.P. Shaffer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 173202 (2012)
B.J. DeSalvo, J. Aman, F.B. Dunning, T.C. Killian, H.R. Sadeghpour, S. Yoshida, J. Burgdörfer, JPSC 635, 092023 (2015)
M.A. Bellos, R. Carollo, J. Banerjee, E.E. Eyler, P.L. Gould, W.C. Stwalley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 053001 (2013)
B. Butscher, V. Bendkowsky, J. Nipper, J.B. Balewski, L. Kukota, R. Löw, T. Pfau, W. Li, T. Pohl, J.M. Rost, J. Phys. B 44, 184004 (2011)
F. Camargo, J.D. Whalen, R. Ding, H.R. Sadeghpour, S. Yoshida, J. Burgdörfer, F.B. Dunning, T.C. Killian, Phys. Rev. A 93, 022702 (2016)
C. Bahrim, U. Thumm, I.I. Fabrikant, J. Phys. B 34, L195 (2001)
F. Böttcher, A. Gaj, K.M. Westphal, M. Schlagmüller, K.S. Kleinbach, R. Löw, T.C. Liebisch, T. Pfau, S. Hofferberth, Phys. Rev. A 93, 032512 (2016)
A. Omont, J. Phys. 38, 1343 (1977)
H. Saßmannshausen, J. Deiglmayr, F. Merkt, Chimia 70, 263 (2016)
J.M. Raimond, M. Gross, C. Fabre, S. Haroche, H.H. Stroke, J. Phys. B 11, L765 (1978)
M. Scheer, J. Thøgersen, R.C. Bilodeau, C.A. Brodie, H.K. Haugen, H.H. Andersen, P. Kristensen, T. Andersen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 684 (1998)
E.L. Hamilton, C.H. Greene, H.R. Sadeghpour, J. Phys. B 35, L199 (2002)
H. Saßmannshausen, J. Deiglmayr, F. Merkt, unpublished (2015)
D. Jaksch, J.I. Cirac, P. Zoller, S.L. Rolston, R. Côté, M.D. Lukin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2208 (2000)
A. Schwarzkopf, R.E. Sapiro, G. Raithel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 103001 (2011)
D. Tong, S.M. Farooqi, J. Stanojevic, S. Krishnan, Y.P. Zhang, R. Côté, E.E. Eyler, P.L. Gould, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 063001 (2004)
P. Schauß, M. Cheneau, M. Endres, T. Fukuhara, S. Hild, A. Omran, T. Pohl, C. Gross, S. Kuhr, I. Bloch, Nature 491, 87 (2012)
D. Barredo, S. Ravets, H. Labuhn, L. Béguin, A. Vernier, F. Nogrette, T. Lahaye, A. Browaeys, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 183002 (2014)
A.M. Hankin, Y.-Y. Jau, L.P. Parazzoli, C.W. Chou, D.J. Armstrong, A.J. Landahl, G.W. Biedermann, Phys. Rev. A 89, 033416 (2014)
P.V. Demekhin, K. Gokhberg, G. Jabbari, S. Kopelke, A.I. Kuleff, L.S. Cederbaum, J. Phys. B 46, 021001 (2013)
H. Saß mannshausen, J. Deiglmayr, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 083401 (2016)
M.R. Flannery, D. Vrinceanu, V.N. Ostrovsky, J. Phys. B 38, S279 (2005)
T.G. Walker, M. Saffman, Phys. Rev. A 77, 032723 (2008)
T.G. Walker, M. Saffman, J. Phys. B 38, S309 (2005)
A. Reinhard, K.C. Younge, T.C. Liebisch, B. Knuffman, P.R. Berman, G. Raithel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 233201 (2008)
I. Lesanovsky, J.P. Garrahan, Phys. Rev. A 90, 011603 (2014)
C. Ates, T. Pohl, T. Pattard, J.M. Rost, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 023002 (2007)
T. Amthor, C. Giese, C.S. Hofmann, M. Weidemüller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 013001 (2010)
H. Schempp, G. Günter, M. Robert-de-Saint-Vincent, C.S. Hofmann, D. Breyel, A. Komnik, D.W. Schönleber, M. Gärttner, J. Evers, S. Whitlock, M. Weidemüller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 013002 (2014)
A. Hu, T.E. Lee, C.W. Clark, Phys. Rev. A 88, 053627 (2013)
C. Simonelli, M.M. Valado, G. Masella, L. Asteria, E. Arimondo, D. Ciampini, O. Morsch, [arXiv:1602.01257] (2016)
M. Viteau, A. Chotia, D. Comparat, D.A. Tate, T.F. Gallagher, P. Pillet, Phys. Rev. A 78, 040704 (2008)
N. Spiess, Theoretische Untersuchung von elektronisch angeregten Zuständen der Moleküle Li2 and Cs2, Ph.D. thesis, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Kaiserslautern (1990)
W. Kołos, L. Wolniewicz, Rev. Mod. Phys. 35, 473 (1963)
T. Sharp, Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 2, 119 (1970)
P. Quadrelli, K. Dressler, L. Wolniewicz, J. Chem. Phys. 92, 7461 (1990)
S.C. Ross, C. Jungen, Phys. Rev. A 49, 4353 (1994)
S.C. Ross, C. Jungen, Phys. Rev. A 49, 4364 (1994)
R.H. Lipson, R.W. Field, J. Chem. Phys. 110, 10653 (1999)
E. Kleimenov, O. Zehnder, F. Merkt, J. Mol. Spec. 247, 85 (2008)
A. Jraij, A. Allouche, M. Korek, M. Aubert-Frécon, Chem. Phys. 310, 145 (2005)
V. Kokoouline, O. Dulieu, R. Kosloff, F. Masnou-Seeuws, J. Chem. Phys. 110, 9865 (1999)
G. Herzberg, C. Jungen, J. Mol. Spec. 41, 425 (1972)
P.J. Tanner, J. Han, E.S. Shuman, T.F. Gallagher, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 043002 (2008)
M. Robert-de-Saint-Vincent, C.S. Hofmann, H. Schempp, G. Günter, S. Whitlock, M. Weidemüller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 045004 (2013)
T. Pohl, T. Pattard, J.M. Rost, Phys. Rev. A 68, 010703 (2003)
F. Robicheaux, M.M. Goforth, M.A. Phillips, Phys. Rev. A 90, 022712 (2014)
T. Amthor, J. Denskat, C. Giese, N.N. Bezuglov, A. Ekers, L.S. Cederbaum, M. Weidemüller, Eur. J. Phys. D 53, 329 (2009)
K. Kiffner, D. Ceresoli, W. Li, D. Jaksch, [arXiv:1507.03357] (2015)
F.M. Penning, Naturwissenschaften 15, 818 (1927)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saßmannshausen, H., Deiglmayr, J. & Merkt, F. Long-range Rydberg molecules, Rydberg macrodimers and Rydberg aggregates in an ultracold Cs gas. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 225, 2891–2918 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2016-60124-9
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2016-60124-9