Abstract
Suspensions of microparticles produced in a polymerase chain reaction on plasmid templates using different primers have been studied by electron microscopy. In all of the samples, microspheres of two types have been detected: of a spherical or ellipsoid form (smooth, without thorns) and of an ellipsoid form with big thorns and/or outgrowths; the diameter of the microspheres varies from 1 to 3 μm. Along with microspheres, so-called three-dimensional network structures of various shapes formed by three-dimensional nanoparticles of a particular topology have been observed. In some samples, discs a few microns in diameter and several dozen nanometers in thickness have been detected. It has been shown that the quantity of netshaped structures and discs sharply increases during asymmetric PCR. In addition, DNA nanofilaments (nanowires), electron-dense point particles (nanodots), electron-translucent nanoparticles in the form of rags, and large electron-dense spherical nanoparticles have been found. Suspensions of microparticles after their quick (5 min) heating at 94°C have been examined. The partial melting of smooth microspheres (without thorns) has been established: they lose a part of the DNA so that the details of their structure (ultrastructure) can be discerned. Simultaneously, clusters of nanowires appear after the heating. The molecular mechanisms of the formation of nanoand microparticles are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- GFP:
-
green fluorescent protein
- PCR:
-
polymerase chain reaction
References
Daban, J.R., Biochemistry, 2000, vol. 39, pp. 3861–3866.
Gosule, L.C. and Schellman, J.A., Nature, 1976, vol. 259, pp. 333–335.
Chattoraj, D.K., Gosule, L.C., and Schellman, A., J. Mol. Biol., 1978, vol. 121, pp. 327–337.
Gosule, L.C. and Schellman, J.A., J. Mol. Biol., 1978, vol. 121, pp. 311–326.
Wilson, R.V. and Bloomfield, V.A., Biochemistry, 1979, vol. 18, pp. 2192–2196.
Widom, J. and Baldwin, R.L., J. Mol. Biol., 1980, vol. 144, pp. 431–453.
Plum, G.E., Arscott, P.G., and Bloomfield, V.A., Biopolymers, 1990, vol. 30, pp. 631–643.
Cohen, P. and Kidson, C., Mol. Biol., 1968, vol. 35, pp. 241–245.
Shapiro, J.T., Leng, M., and Felsenfeld, G., Biochemistry, 1969, vol. 8, pp. 3219–3232.
Haynes, M., Garrett, R.A., and Gratzer, W.B., Biochemistry, 1970, vol. 9, pp. 4410–4416.
Suwalsky, M. and Traub, W.A., Biopolymers, 1972, vol. 11, pp. 2223–2231.
Fasman, G.D., Schaffhausen, B., Goldsmith, L., and Adler, A., Biochemistry, 1970, vol. 9, pp. 2814–2822.
Olins, D.E. and Olins, A.L., J. Mol. Biol., 1971, vol. 57, pp. 437–455.
Adler, A.J., Moran, E.C., and Fasman, G.D., Biochemistry, 1975, vol. 14, pp. 4179–4185.
Brahms, J. and Mommaerts, W.F.H.M., J. Mol. Biol., 1964, vol. 10, pp. 73–88.
Girod, J.C., Johnson, W.C.J., and Huntington, S.C., Biochemistry, 1973, vol. 12, pp. 5092–5096.
Huey, R. and Mohr, S.C., Biopolymers, 1981, vol. 20, pp. 2533–2552.
Arscott, P.G., Ma, S., Wenner, J.R., and Bloomfield, V.A., Biopolymers, 1995, vol. 36, pp. 345–364.
Lerman, R.S., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1971, vol. 68, pp. 1886–1890.
Cheng, S.-M. and Mohr, S.C., Biopolymers, 1975, vol. 14, pp. 663–674.
Evdokimov, Y.M., Platonov, A.L., Tikhonenko, A.S., and Varshavsky, Y.M., FEBS Lett., 1972, vol. 23, pp. 180–184.
Vengerov, Y.Y. and Semenov, T.E., Electron. Microsc. Rev., 1992, vol. 5, pp. 193–207.
Niidome, T., Ohmori, N., Ichinose, A., Wada, A., Mihara, H., Hirayama, T., and Aoyagi, H., J. Biol. Chem., 1997, vol. 272, pp. 15307–15312.
Felgner, P.L., Tsai, Y.J., Sukhu, L., Wheeler, C.J., Manthorpe, M., Marshall, J., and Cheng, S.H., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1995, vol. 772, pp. 126–139.
Wheeler, C.J., Felgner, P.L., Tsai, Y.J., Marshall, J., Sukhu, L., Doh, S.G., Hartikka, J., Nietupski, J., Manthorpe, M., Nichols, M., Plewe, M., Liang, X., Norman, J., Smith, A., and Cheng, S.H., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1996, vol. 93, pp. 11454–11459.
Konopka, K., Harrison, G.S., Felgner, P.L., and Düzgünes,, N., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1997, vol. 1356, pp. 185–197.
Ma, C. and Bloomfield, V.A., Biophys. J., 1994, vol. 67, pp. 1678–1681.
Duguid, J.G. and Bloomfield, V.A., Biophys. J., 1995, vol. 69, pp. 2642–2648.
Bloomfield, V.A., Biopolymers, 1991, vol. 31, pp. 1471–1481.
Teif, V.B., Biophys. J., 2005, vol. 89, pp. 2574–2587.
Kornyshev, A.A. and Leikin, S., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, vol. 95, pp. 13579–13584.
Danilevich, V.N., Petrovskaya, L.E., and Grishin, E.V., Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 2008, vol. 421, pp. 119–122.
Danilevich, V.N., Barinova, E.S., and Grishin, E.V., Bioorg. Khim., 2009, vol. 35, pp. 226–238 [Russ. J. Boorg. Chem., (Eng. Transl.), 2009 vol. 35, pp. 207–218].
Danilevich, V.N. and Grishin, E.V., Mikrobiologiya, 2009, vol. 78, pp. 369–380.
Saiki, R.K., Gelfand, D.H., Stoffel, S., Scharf, S.J., Higuchi, R., Horn, G.T., Mullis, K.B., and Erlich, H.A., Science, 1988, vol. 239, pp. 487–491.
Barnes, W.M., Gene, 1992, vol. 112, pp. 29–35.
Lawyer, F.C., Stoffel, S., Saiki, R.K., Myambo, K., Drummond, R., and Gelfand, D.H., J. Biol. Chem., 1989, vol. 264, pp. 6427–6437.
Danilevich, V.N., Kadykov, V.A., and Grishin, E.V., Bioorg. Khim., 2010, vol. 36, pp. 375–386 [Russ. J. Bioorg. Chem., (Eng. Transl.), 2010, vol. 36, pp. 344–353].
Millican, D.S. and Bird, I.M., Methods Mol. Biol., 1998, vol. 105, pp. 337–350.
Kondrat’eva, T.F., Danilevich, V.N., Ageeva, S.N., and Karavaiko, G.I., Arch. Microbiol., 2005, vol. 183, pp. 401–410.
Maniatis, T., Fritsch, E.F., and Sambrook, J., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press, 1989.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © V.N. Danilevich, V.A. Kadykov, E.V. Grishin, 2010, published in Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya, 2010, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 535–546.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Danilevich, V.N., Kadykov, V.A. & Grishin, E.V. Condensed DNA particles formed in a PCR with plasmid templates: An electron microscopy study. Russ J Bioorg Chem 36, 497–507 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1068162010040084
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1068162010040084