Abstract
In comparison with Asteroidea, the axial complex of ophiuroids has some important features, which are the result of shifting of the madreporite from the aboral side to the oral side. In contrast to Asteroidea, the stone canal of ophiuroids connects with the water ring from the outside, not from the inside. In Ophiuroidea, the somatocoelomic perihaemal coelom is closer to the mouth than the axocoelomic ring. The water ring of ophiuroids is shifted to the oral side relative to the perihaemal coelomic rings. The genital coelom and gastric haemal ring are located on the outer side of the axial complex, whereas in Asteroidea, they are located on the inner side. The pericardial part of the axial organ is situated on the oral side. The interradial sections of the genital coelom and genital haemal ring are descended to the oral side. Our hypothesis considers that the ancestors of ophiuroids turned the aboral side of the animal to the substratum. It caused shifting of the madreporite to the oral side and closing of the anus.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brooks, W.K. and Grave, C., Ophiura brevispina, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. Wash., 1899, vol. 5, pp. 79–100.
Chia, F.S., The embryology of a brooding starfish Leptasterias hexactis Stimpson, Acta Zool., 1968, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 321–364.
Cuénot, L., Études anatomiques et morphologiques sur les ophiures, Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén., 1888, Ser. 2, vol. 6, pp. 33–82.
Cuénot, L., Anatomie, éthologie et systématique des Échinodermes, in Traité de Zoologie, Paris: Masson et C-ie Éditeurs, 1948, vol. 11, pp. 3–272.
Ezhova, O.V., Lavrova, E.A., and Malakhov, V.V., Microscopic anatomy of the axial complex organs of the starfish Asterias rubens Linnaeus 1758 (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), Zool. Zh., 2013, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 131–142. doi 10.1134/S1062359013080049
Ezhova, O.V., Lavrova, E.A., and Malakhov, V.V., The morphology of the axial complex and associated structures in Asterozoa (Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Ophiuroidea), Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 2014, vol. 40, no. 3, p. 153–164.
Ezhova, O.V., Lavrova, E.A., Ershova, N.A., and Malakhov, V.V., Microscopic anatomy of the axial complex and associated structures in the brittle star Ophiura robusta Ayres, 1854 (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea), Zoomorphology, 2015, vol. 134, no. 2, pp. 247–258. doi 10.1007/s00435-014-0251-6
Fedotov, D.M., Biologie und Metamorphose von Gorgonocephalus, Zool. Anz., 1924, vol. 61, pp. 303–311.
Gemmill, J.F., The development of the starfish Solaster endeca Fobes, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1912, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1–71.
Gemmill, J.F., The development and certain points in the adult structure of the starfish Asterias rubens L., Philos Trans. R. Soc., London, Ser. A, 1914, vol. 205, pp. 213–294.
Gemmill, J.F., Double hydrocoele in the development and metamorphosis in the larva of Asterias rubens L., Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 1915, vol. 61, pp. 51–80.
Gemmill, J.F., The development of the starfish Crossaster papposus Müller and Troschel, Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 1920, vol. 64, pp. 155–189.
Goldschmid, A., Echinodermata, in Spezielle Zoologie. Teil 1. Einzeller und Wirbellose Tiere, Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1996, pp. 778–834.
Goto, S., Some points in metamorphosis of Asterina gibbosa, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ., 1898, vol. 12, pp. 227–242.
Hamann, O., Beiträge zur Histologie der Echinodermen, H. 4: Die Anatomie und Histologie der Ophiuren und Crinoiden, Jena: G. Fischer, 1889.
O’Hara, T.D., Hugall, A.F., Thuy, B., and Moussalli, A., Phylogenomic resolution of the class Ophiuroidea unlocks a global microfossil record, Curr. Biol., 2014, vol. 24, no. 16, pp. 1874–1879. doi 10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.060
Hörstadius, S., Über die Entwicklung von Astropecten aurantiacus L., Pubbl. Staz. Zool. Napoli, 1939, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 221–312.
Hyman, L.H., Echinodermata, in The Invertebrates, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1955, vol. 4.
Ivanov, A.V., Polyanskii, Yu.I., and Strelkov, A.A., Bol’shoi praktikum po zoologii bespozvonochnykh (An Extended Practical Course in Invertebrate Zoology), Moscow: Vyssh. Shk., 1985, part 3.
Ivanova-Kazas, O.M., Sravnitel’naya embriologiya bespozvonochnykh zhivotnykh: Iglokozhie i polukhordovye (Comparative Embryology of Ivertebrates: Echinoderms and Hemichordates), Moscow: Nauka, 1978.
Janies, D., Phylogenetic relationships of extant echinoderm classes, Can. J. Zool., 2001, no. 79, pp. 1232–1250. doi 10.1139/cjz-79-7-1232
Janies, D.A., Voight, J.R., and Daly, M., Echinoderm phylogeny including Xyloplax, a progenetic asteroid, System. Biol., 2011, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 420–438. doi 10.1093/sysbio/syr044
Littlewood, D.T.J., Smith, A.B., Clough, K.A., and Emson, R.H., The interrelationships of the echinoderm classes: morphological and molecular evidence, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 1997, no. 61, pp. 409–438. doi 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1997.tb01799.x
Litvinova, N.M., Feeding of ophiurans, Zool. Zh., 1979, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 1501–1510.
Litvinova, N.M., Feeding methods of some ophiurans species, Zool. Zh., 1980, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 239–247.
Ludwig, H., Trichaster elegans, Z. Wiss. Zool., 1878, vol. 31, pp. 59–67.
Ludwig, H., Neue Beiträge zur Anatomie der Ophiuren, Z. Wiss. Zool., 1880, vol. 34, pp. 57–89.
Mac Bride, E.W., The development of Asterina gibbosa, Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 1896, vol. 38, pp. 339–411.
Mac Bride, E.W., The development of Ophiothrix fragilis, Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 1907, vol. 51, pp. 557–606.
Mac Bride, E.W., The development of the genital organs, ovoid gland, axial and aboral sinuses in Amphiura squamata, Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 1892, vol. 34, pp. 129–156.
Mooi, R. and David, B., What a new model of skeletal homologies tells us about asteroid evolution, Am. Zool., 2000, no. 40, pp. 326–339. doi 10.1093/icb/40.3.326
Narasimhamurti, N., The development of Ophiocoma nigra, Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 1933, vol. 76, pp. 63–88.
Olsen, H., The development of the brittle-star Ophiopholis aculeata with a short report on the outer hyaline layer, Bergens Mus. Aarbok. Natur., 1942, vol. 6, pp. 1–107.
Osterud, H.L., Preliminary observations on the development of Leptasterias hexactis, Publ. Puget Sound Biol., 1918, vol. 2, pp. 1–15.
Perseke, M., Bernhard, D., Fritzsch, G., Brümmer, F., Stadler, P.F., and Schlegel, M., Mitochondrial genome evolution in Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, and Holothuroidea: insights in phylogenetic relationships of Echinodermata, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 2010, no. 56, pp. 201–211. doi 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.035
Reichensperger, A., Zur Kenntnis der Genus Ophiopsila, Z. Wiss. Zool., 1908, vol. 89, pp. 173–192.
Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D., Invertebrate Zoology, Belmont: Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004, vol. 28, pp. 872–929.
Smith, J.E., The reproductive system and associated organs of the brittle star Ophiothrix fragilis, Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 1940, vol. 82, pp. 267–310.
Smith, A.B., Classification of the Echinodermata, Palaeontology, 1984, no. 27, pp. 431–459.
Smith, A.B. and Reich, M., Tracing the evolution of the holothurian body plan through stem-group fossils, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 2013, no. 109, pp. 670–681. doi 10.1111/bij.12073
Ziegler, A., Faber, C., and Bartolomaeus, T., Comparative morphology of the axial complex and interdependence of internal organ systems in sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), Front. Zool., 2009, vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 1–31. doi 10.1186/1742-9994-6-10.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © O.V. Ezhova, E.A. Egorova, V.V. Malakhov, 2016, published in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, 2016, No. 6, pp. 576–584.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ezhova, O.V., Egorova, E.A. & Malakhov, V.V. Transformations of the axial complex of ophiuroids as a result of shifting of the madreporite to the oral side. Biol Bull Russ Acad Sci 43, 494–502 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359016060091
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359016060091