Abstract
Iron oxide-modified 1Pd0.5Fe and 1Pd10Fe catalysts with a target content of 1 wt % Pd and 0.5 or 10 wt % Fe have been synthesized by the wet impregnation of Al2O3 with iron and palladium nitrates. The catalysts have been compared with each other and with a monometallic 1Pd catalyst in diclofenac (DCF) hydrodechlorination (HDC) in dilute aqueous solutions at 30°C in batch and flow reactors after high-temperature (320°C) and mild reduction (30°C), the latter being run in a batch or flow reactor. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has revealed that, after reduction at 320°C, the catalysts contain mostly Pd0, Fe2+, and Fe3+. The Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio on the surface increases with a decrease in the iron content. The reduction of Pd2+ to Pd0 can occur even at 30°C; however, on the 1Pd0.5Fe surface, it is significantly less effective than that on 1Pd10Fe. According to XPS, temperature-programmed reduction, and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy of adsorbed CO, modification with iron oxides leads to an increase in the palladium content on the surface compared with that on 1Pd, contributes to the formation of new Pd–O–Fe sites, and affects the reducibility of palladium. These effects enhance with an increase in the iron content. The iron-modified catalysts reduced at 320°C exhibit similar activity and stability in DCF conversion in flow and batch systems. The 1Pd10Fe catalyst, unlike 1Pd0.5Fe, is highly efficient and stable even after mild reduction at 30°C. Under flow conditions, it provides a DCF conversion comparable to that provided by 1Pd and a selectivity in the DCF HDC reaction that is higher than that provided by 1Pd, which is also active in hydrogenation.
REFERENCES
Xu, S., Zhou, S., Xing, L., Shi, P., Shi, W., Zhou, Q., Pan, Y., Song, M.-Y., and Li, A., Sci. Total Environ., 2019, vol. 682, p. 756.
Zhao, J., Wang, Q., Fu, Y., Peng, B., and Zhou, G., Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 2018, vol. 25, p. 22998.
Umbreen, N., Sohni, S., Ahmad, I., Khattak, N.U., and Gul, K., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2018, vol. 527, p. 356.
Gros, M., Petrovic, M., and Barcelo, D., Environ. Tox. Chem., 2007, vol. 26, p. 1553.
Dobrin, D., Bradu, C., Magureanu, M., Mandache, N.B., and Parvulescu, V.I., Chem. Eng. J., 2013, vol. 234, p. 389.
Lokteva, E., Golubina, E., Likholobov, V., Lunin, V., Disposal of chlorine-containing wastes, in Chemistry Beyond Chlorine, Tundo, P., He, L.-N., Lokteva, E., and Mota, C., Eds., Cham: Springer, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30073-3_21
Munoz, M., Mora, F.J., de Pedro, Z.M., Alvarez-Torrellas, S., Casas, J.A., and Rodriguez, J.J., J. Hazard. Mater., 2017, vol. 331, p. 45.
Nieto-Sandoval, J., Munoz, M., de Pedro, Z.M., and Casas, J.A., J. Hazard. Mater. Adv., 2022, vol. 5, p. 100047.
Lokteva, E.S., Shishova, V.V., Maslakov, K.I., Golubina, E.V., Kharlanov, A.N., Rodin, I.A., Vokuev, M.F., Filimonov, D.S., and Tolkachev, N.N., Appl. Surf. Sci., 2023, vol. 613, p. 156022.
Wu, K., Qian, X., Chen, L., Xu, Z., Zheng, S., and Zhu, D., RSC Adv., 2015, vol. 5, p. 18702.
Nieto-Sandoval, J., Munoz, M., de Pedro, Z.M., and Casas, J.A., Chemosphere, 2018, vol. 213, p. 141.
Zhou, T., Li, Y., and Lim, T.-T., Separ. Purif. Technol., 2010, vol. 76, p. 206.
Liu, M., Huang, R., Li, C., Che, M., Su, R., Li, S., Yu, J., Qi, W., and He, Z., Chem. Eng. Sci., 2019, vol. 201, p. 121.
Witonska, I.A., Walock, M.J., Binczarski, M., Lesiak, M., Stanishevsky, A.V., and Karski, S., J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 2014, vol. 393, p. 248.
Zhang, L., Meng, Z., and Zang, S., J. Environ. Sci., 2015, vol. 31, p. 194.
Lokteva, E.S., Shishova, V.V., Tolkachev, N.N., Maslakov, K.I., Kamaev, A.O., Maksimov, S.V., and Golubina, E.V., Mendeleev Commun., 2022, vol. 32, p. 249.
Silva, J.M., Araujo, J.F.D.F., Brocchi, E., and Solorzano, I.G., Ceram. Int., 2020, vol. 46, p. 19052.
Pillo, Th., Zimmermann, R., Steiner, P., and Hufner, S., J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 1997, vol. 9, p. 3987.
Amoyal, M., Vidruk-Nehemya, R., Landau, M.V., and Herskowitz, M., J. Catal., 2017, vol. 348, p. 29.
Armenta, M.A., Maytorena, V.M., Flores-Sanchez, L.A., Quintana, J.M., Valdez, R., and Olivas, A., Fuel, 2020, vol. 280, p. 118545.
Tian, Z., Zhang, W., Liu, T., Liu, J., Wang, C., Lei, L., Liao, M., Wang, C., and Chen, Y., Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2022, vol. 47, p. 41468.
Han, X., Qing, M., Wang, H., Yu, X., Suo, H.-Y., Shen, X.-F., Yang, Y., and Li, Y.-W., J. Fuel Chem. Technol., 2023, vol. 51, p. 155.
Lu, Z.-Y. and Muir, D.M., Hydrometallurgy, 1988, vol. 21, p. 9.
Tao, F., Dag, S., Wang, L.-W., Liu, Z., Butcher, D.R., Bluhm, H., Salmeron, M., and Somorjai, G.A., Science, 2010, vol. 327, p. 850.
Boudart, M. and Hwang, H.S., J. Catal., 1975, vol. 39, p. 44.
Babu, N.S., Lingaiah, N., Kumar, J.V., and Prasad, P.S.S., Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 2009, vol. 367, p. 70.
Lieltz, G., Nimz, M., Volter, J., Lazar, K., and Guczi, L., Appl. Catal., 1988, vol. 45, p. 71.
Berry, F.J., Changhai, X., and Jobson, S., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1990, vol. 86, p. 165.
Arnoldy, P. and Moulijn, J.A., J. Catal., 1985, vol. 93, p. 38.
Arnoldy, P., van Oers, E.M., Bruinsma, O.S.L., de Beer, V.H.J., and Moulijn, J.A., J. Catal., 1985, vol. 93, p. 231.
Sepulveda, J.H. and Figoli, N.S., Appl. Surf. Sci., 1993, vol. 68, p. 257.
Pino, N., Sitthisa, S., Tan, Q., Souza, T., Lopez, D., and Resasco, D.E., J. Catal., 2017, vol. 350, p. 30.
Liu, W., Ismail, M., Dunstan, M.T., Hu, W., Zhang, Z., Fennell, P.S., Scott, S.A., and Dennis, J.S., RSC Adv., 2015, vol. 5, p. 1759.
Tataroglu, A., Al-Ghamdi, A.A., El-Tantawy, F., Farooq, W.A., and Yakuphanoglu, F., Appl. Phys. A, 2016, vol. 122, p. 220.
Jastrzebska, I., Szczerba, J., Blachowski, A., and Stoch, P., Eur. J. Mineral., 2017, vol. 29, p. 62.
Yewale, A.D., Kherdekar, P.V., and Bhatia, D., Chem. Eng. Sci., 2022, vol. 249, p. 117281.
Kamada, T., Ueda, T., Fukuura, S., Yumura, T., Hosokawa, S., Tanaka, T., Kan, D., and Shimakawa, Y., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2023, vol. 145, p. 1631.
Schwertmann, U., Plant Soil, 1991, vol. 130, p. 1.
Sidhu, P.S., Gilkes, R.J., Cornell, R.M., Posner, A.M., and Quirk, J.P., Clays Clay Miner., 1981, vol. 29, p. 269.
Kolev, N.I., Solubility of O2, N2, H2 and CO2 in water, in Multiphase Flow Dynamics 4: Turbulence, Gas Adsorption and Release, Diesel Fuel Properties, Kolev, N.I., Ed., Berlin: Springer, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20749-5_11
Funding
This work was performed under state assignements to Moscow State University (nos. 122040600057-3 and AAAA-A21-121011990019-4) using the equipment purchased under the Moscow State University Development Program.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors of this work declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Translated by M. Timoshinina
Publisher’s Note.
Pleiades Publishing remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abbreviations and notation: DCF, diclofenac; HDC, hydrodechlorination; XPS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; TPR, temperature-programmed reduction with hydrogen; XRD, X-ray diffraction analysis; DRIFTS, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; CAPA, 2-(2-chloroanilino)phenylacetate; APA, 2-anilinophenylacetate; TOF, turnover frequency.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lokteva, E.S., Pesotskiy, M.D., Golubina, E.V. et al. Effect of Iron Content in Alumina-Supported Palladium Catalysts and Their Reduction Conditions on Diclofenac Hydrodechlorination in an Aqueous Medium. Kinet Catal 65, 133–154 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0023158423601183
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0023158423601183