Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The flux deficits in star spots

  • Published:
Astronomy Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The bolometric flux deficits of the photospheres of spotted stars are derived for the first time in the framework of zonal spottedness models for red dwarfs computed at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory. The resulting flux deficits are compared to the estimated radiative losses from the chromospheres and coronas measured during quasi-simultaneous observations. A linear correlation is found between the logarithms of these quantities, with the Sun fitting these relations. Radiative losses from the outer stellar atmospheres in quiescence and during individual sporadic flares are significantly lower than the bolometric deficits of the spotted photospheres of active stars. This suggests that the flux deficit due to spots leads to global reconstruction of the atmospheres of red dwarfs, analogous to the local atmospheric reconstruction that occurs during solar and stellar flares. This process may be realized via the superposition of a large number of weak impulsive flares and other dynamic events, which develop on these stars and heat their coronas (i.e., in this view, microflaring is favored as the principal coronal heating mechanism for these stars). A brief analysis of the long-term variations in the chromospheric and photospheric radiation of F-K stars from the HK project and of the Sun suggests that such dynamical reconstruction of the outer atmosphere by energy associated with the flux deficit of the spotted photosphere occurs at times of increased surface activity in all F-M stars.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. H. C. Spruit, in Surface Inhomogeneities on Late-Type Stars, Ed. by P. B. Byrne and D. J. Mullan (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1992); Lect. Notes Phys. 397, 78 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  2. D. J. Mullan, Astrophys. J. 187, 621 (1974).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. E. Parker, Sol. Phys. 36, 249 (1974).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. L. W. Hartmann and R. Rosner, Astrophys. J. 230, 802 (1979).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. I. Yu. Alekseev and R. E. Gershberg, Astron. Zh. 73, 579 (1996) [Astron. Rep. 40, 528 (1996)]; Astron. Zh. 73, 589 (1996) [Astron. Rep. 40, 538 (1996)].

    Google Scholar 

  6. I. Yu. Alekseev and R. E. Gershberg, Astron. Zh. 74, 240 (1997) [Astron. Rep. 41, 207 (1997)].

    Google Scholar 

  7. H. L. Johnson, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 4, 193 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. A. Young, A. Skumanich, J. R. Stauffer, et al., Astrophys. J. 344, 427 (1989).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. J. R. Stauffer and L. W. Hartmann, Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser. 61, 531 (1986).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. I. Yu. Alekseev and O. V. Kozlova, Astrofizika 43, 339 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  11. I. Yu. Alekseev and O. V. Kozlova, in preparation.

  12. N. E. Piskunov, Stellar Magnetism [in Russian], Ed. by Yu. V. Glagolevskii and I. I. Romanyuk (Nauka, St. Petersburg, 1992), p. 92.

    Google Scholar 

  13. N. E. Piskunov, F. Kupka, T. A. Ryabchikova, et al., Astron. Astrophys., Suppl. Ser. 112, 525 (1995).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. N. E. Piskunov, F. Kupka, T. A. Ryabchikova, et al., Astron. Astrophys., Suppl. Ser. 138, 119 (1999).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. S. R. Sundland, B. R. Pettersen, S. L. Hawley, et al., in Activity in Cool Star Envelopes, Ed. by O. Havnes, B. R. Pettersen, J. H. M. M. Schmitt, and J. E. Solheim (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1988), p. 61.

    Google Scholar 

  16. N. I. Shakhovskaya, Izv. Krym. Astrofiz. Obs. 51, 92 (1974).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. B. R. Pettersen, Vistas Astron. 3, 41 (1987).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. R. C. Dempsey, J. L. Linsky, T. A. Fleming, and J. H. M. M. Schmitt, Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser. 86, 599 (1993).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. A. Marino, G. Micela, and G. Peres, Astron. Astrophys. 353, 177 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. D. A. Quin, J. G. Doyle, C. J. Butler, et al., Astron. Astrophys. 272, 477 (1993).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. N. I. Shakhovskaya, Sol. Phys. 121, 375 (1989).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. J. L. Linsky, P. L. Bornmann, K. G. Carpenter, et al., Astrophys. J. 260, 670 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. B. J. Oranje, Astron. Astrophys. 154, 185 (1986).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. C. J. Schrijver, A. K. Dobson, and R. R. Radick, Astron. Astrophys. 258, 432 (1992).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. M. Shimojo, S. Hashimoto, K. Shibata, et al., Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 48, 123 (1996).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. S. Kouchmy, H. Hara, Y. Suematsu, and K. Reardon, Astron. Astrophys. 320, L33 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. M. A. Livshits, B. A. Ioshpa, V. N. Obridko, et al., in Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics [in Russian] (Troitsk, 1999), p. 11.

  28. J. Qiu, M.-D. Ding, H. Wang, et al., Astrophys. J. (2000) (in press).

  29. V. V. Kasinsky and R. T. Sotnikova, Astron. Astrophys. Trans. 12, 313 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Yu. E. Litvinenko, Sol. Phys. 151, 195 (1994).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. E. R. Houdebine, Ir. Astron. J. 20, 213 (1992).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. É. A. Baranovskii, R. E. Gershberg, and D. N. Shakhovskoi, Astron. Zh. 78, 78 (2001) [Astron. Rep. 45, 67 (2001)].

    Google Scholar 

  33. E. R. Houdebine, J. G. Doyle, and M. Koscielecky, Astron. Astrophys. 294, 773 (1995).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. J. J. Drake, Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun, Ed. by R. Pallavicini and A. K. Dupree; Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Ser. 109, 203 (1996).

  35. M. Güdel, Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser. 90, 743 (1994).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. M. A. Livshits, O. G. Badalyan, A. G. Kosovichev, and M. M. Katsova, Sol. Phys. 73, 269 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. M. M. Katsova, A. Ya. Boiko, and M. A. Livshits, Astron. Astrophys. 321, 549 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. É. A. Baranovskii, R. E. Gershberg, and D. N. Shakhovskoi, Astron. Zh. 78, 359 (2001) [Astron. Rep. 45 (4), 309 (2001)].

    Google Scholar 

  39. M. M. Katsova and M. A. Livshits, Astron. Zh. 68, 131 (1991) [Sov. Astron. 35, 65 (1991)].

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. A. Ya. Boiko and M. A. Livshits, Astron. Zh. 76, 860 (1999) [Astron. Rep. 43, 759 (1999)].

    Google Scholar 

  41. M. M. Katsova, S. L. Hawley, W. P. Abbet, and M. A. Livshits, Preprint No. 4 (1120) (IZMIRAN, 1999), p. 1.

  42. M. M. Katsova, M. A. Livshits, C. J. Butler, and J. G. Doyle, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 250, 402 (1991).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. I. Yu. Alekseev and R. E. Gershberg, The Earth and the Universe, Ed. by G. Asteriadis et al. (Ziti Editions, Thessaloniki, 1997), p. 43.

    Google Scholar 

  44. J. H. M. M. Schmitt, R. M. Haisch, and H. Barwig, Astrophys. J. Lett. 419, L81 (1993).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. R. F. Stein, Astrophys. J. 246, 966 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. P. Ulmschneider and H. U. Bohn, Astron. Astrophys. 254, 173 (1981).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. R. E. Gershberg, É. I. Mogilevskii, and V. N. Obridko, Kinematika Fiz. Nebesnykh Tel 5, 3 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  48. C. J. Butler and M. Rodono, Ir. Astron. J. 17, 131 (1985).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. A. Collura, L. Pasquini, and J. H. M. M. Schmitt, Astron. Astrophys. 205, 197 (1988).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. R. Pallavicini, J. Tajliaferri, and L. Stella, Astron. Astrophys. 228, 403 (1990).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. M. Audard, M. Güdel, and E. F. Guinan, Astrophys. J. Lett. 513, L53 (1999).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. M. Audard, M. Güdel, J. J. Drake, and V. L. Kashyap, Astrophys. J. 541, 396 (2000).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. R. R. Radick, G. W. Lockwood, B. A. Skiff, and S. L. Baliunas, Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser. 118, 239 (1998).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. I. Yu. Alekseev, Low-Mass Spotted Stars [in Russian] (Odessa, Astroprint, 2001).

    Google Scholar 

  55. A. H. Vaughan and R. W. Preston, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 92, 385 (1980).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. S. H. Saar and S. L. Baliunas, in The Solar Cycle, Ed. by K. L. Harvey; Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Ser. 27, 150 (1992); 27, 197 (1992).

  57. S. L. Baliunas, E. Nesme-Ribes, D. Sokoloff, and W. H. Soon, Astrophys. J. 460, 848 (1996).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. M. Güdel, E. F. Guinan, and S. L. Skinner, Astrophys. J. 483, 947 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. J. Lean, in Surface Inhomogeneities on Late Type Stars, Ed. by P. B. Byrne and D. J. Mullan (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1992); Lect. Notes Phys. 397, 167 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  60. J. Lean, in Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun, Ed. by R. J. G. López, R. Rebolo, and M. R. Zapatero-Osorio; ASP Cons. Ser. 223, 109 (2000).

  61. S. L. Baliunas, R. A. Donahue, and W. H. Soon, Astrophys. J. 438, 269 (1995).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. Y. C. Unruh, S. K. Solanki, and M. Fligge, Astron. Astrophys. 345, 635 (1999).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. K. H. Schatten, J. Geophys. Res. 98(A11), 18907 (1993).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. Y. C. Unruh, R. Knaack, M. Fligge, and S. K. Solanki, in Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun, Ed. by R. J. G. López, R. Rebolo, and M. R. Zapatero-Osorio; ASP Cons. Ser. 223, CD–748 (2001).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, p/o Nauchnyi, Crimea, Ukraine

    I. Yu. Alekseev & R. E. Gershberg

  2. Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Universitetskii pr. 13, Moscow, 119899, Russia

    M. M. Katsova

  3. Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, the Ionosphere, and Radio-Wave Propagation, Troitsk, Russia

    M. A. Livshits

Authors
  1. I. Yu. Alekseev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. E. Gershberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. M. Katsova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M. A. Livshits
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

__________

Translated from Astronomicheski\(\overset{\lower0.5em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\smile}$}}{l} \) Zhurnal, Vol. 78, No. 6, 2001, pp. 558–574.

Original Russian Text Copyright © 2001 by Alekseev, Gershberg, Katsova, Livshits.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Alekseev, I.Y., Gershberg, R.E., Katsova, M.M. et al. The flux deficits in star spots. Astron. Rep. 45, 482–496 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1134/1.1374645

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/1.1374645

Keywords

Search

Navigation