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Journal of Bacteriology, October 2006, p. 6739-6756, Vol. 188, No. 19
0021-9193/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00609-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Characterization of the Staphylococcus aureus Heat Shock, Cold Shock, Stringent, and SOS Responses and Their Effects on Log-Phase mRNA Turnover{dagger}

Kelsi L. Anderson,1 Corbette Roberts,1 Terrence Disz,2 Veronika Vonstein,3 Kaitlyn Hwang,2,4 Ross Overbeek,3 Patrick D. Olson,1 Steven J. Projan,5 and Paul M. Dunman1*

Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198,1 Mathematics and Computer Science, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439,2 Fellowship for Interpretation of Genomes, Burr Ridge, Illinois 60527,3 The Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637,4 Wyeth Biological Technologies, Cambridge, Massachusetts 021405

Received 28 April 2006/ Accepted 3 July 2006

Despite its being a leading cause of nosocomal and community-acquired infections, surprisingly little is known about Staphylococcus aureus stress responses. In the current study, Affymetrix S. aureus GeneChips were used to define transcriptome changes in response to cold shock, heat shock, stringent, and SOS response-inducing conditions. Additionally, the RNA turnover properties of each response were measured. Each stress response induced distinct biological processes, subsets of virulence factors, and antibiotic determinants. The results were validated by real-time PCR and stress-mediated changes in antimicrobial agent susceptibility. Collectively, many S. aureus stress-responsive functions are conserved across bacteria, whereas others are unique to the organism. Sets of small stable RNA molecules with no open reading frames were also components of each response. Induction of the stringent, cold shock, and heat shock responses dramatically stabilized most mRNA species. Correlations between mRNA turnover properties and transcript titers suggest that S. aureus stress response-dependent alterations in transcript abundances can, in part, be attributed to alterations in RNA stability. This phenomenon was not observed within SOS-responsive cells.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495. Phone: (402) 559-7745. Fax: (402) 559-4077. E-mail: pdunman{at}unmc.edu.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jb.asm.org/.

Journal of Bacteriology, October 2006, p. 6739-6756, Vol. 188, No. 19
0021-9193/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00609-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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