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Infection and Immunity, April 2007, p. 1751-1756, Vol. 75, No. 4
0019-9567/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/IAI.01703-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Coinfection with Schistosoma mansoni Reactivates Viremia in Rhesus Macaques with Chronic Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Clade C Infection

Mila Ayash-Rashkovsky,^1,2 Agnès-Laurence Chenine,^1,2 Lisa N. Steele,³ Sandra J. Lee,⁴ Ruijiang Song,^1,2 Helena Ong,¹ Robert A. Rasmussen,^1,2 Regina Hofmann-Lehmann,⁵ James G. Else,⁶ Peter Augostini,³ Harold M. McClure,^6, W. Evan Secor,³ and Ruth M. Ruprecht^1,2*

Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,¹ Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,² Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia,³ Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts,⁴ Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,⁵ Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia⁶

Received 24 October 2006/ Returned for modification 8 December 2006/ Accepted 25 January 2007

We tested the hypothesis that helminth parasite coinfection would intensify viremia and accelerate disease progression in monkeys chronically infected with an R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) encoding a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clade C envelope. Fifteen rhesus monkeys with stable SHIV-1157ip infection were enrolled into a prospective, randomized trial. These seropositive animals had undetectable viral RNA and no signs of immunodeficiency. Seven animals served as virus-only controls; eight animals were exposed to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. From week 5 after parasite exposure onward, coinfected animals shed eggs in their feces, developed eosinophilia, and had significantly higher mRNA expression of the T-helper type 2 cytokine interleukin-4 (P = 0.001) than animals without schistosomiasis. Compared to virus-only controls, viral replication was significantly increased in coinfected monkeys (P = 0.012), and the percentage of their CD4⁺ CD29⁺ memory cells decreased over time (P = 0.05). Thus, S. mansoni coinfection significantly increased viral replication and induced T-cell subset alterations in monkeys with chronic SHIV clade C infection.

Published ahead of print on 5 February 2007.

Editor: J. F. Urban, Jr.

Deceased.