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Journal of Bacteriology, November 2005, p. 7254-7266, Vol. 187, No. 21
0021-9193/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.187.21.7254-7266.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Insights into Genome Plasticity and Pathogenicity of the Plant Pathogenic Bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Revealed by the Complete Genome Sequence

Frank Thieme,^1, Ralf Koebnik,^1, Thomas Bekel,² Carolin Berger,¹ Jens Boch,¹ Daniela Büttner,¹ Camila Caldana,^1, Lars Gaigalat,³ Alexander Goesmann,² Sabine Kay,¹ Oliver Kirchner,¹ Christa Lanz,⁴ Burkhard Linke,² Alice C. McHardy,^2,¶ Folker Meyer,² Gerhard Mittenhuber,^5, Dietrich H. Nies,⁵ Ulla Niesbach-Klösgen,¹ Thomas Patschkowski,³ Christian Rückert,³ Oliver Rupp,² Susanne Schneiker,³ Stephan C. Schuster,^4,|| Frank-Jörg Vorhölter,³ Ernst Weber,¹ Alfred Pühler,³ Ulla Bonas,^1* Daniela Bartels,² and Olaf Kaiser³

Institut für Genetik, Martin-Luther-Universität, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany,¹ Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany,² Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Universität Bielefeld, D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany,³ Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; and,⁴ Institut für Mikrobiologie, Martin-Luther-Universität, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany⁵

Received 21 April 2005/ Accepted 22 August 2005

The gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is the causative agent of bacterial spot disease in pepper and tomato plants, which leads to economically important yield losses. This pathosystem has become a well-established model for studying bacterial infection strategies. Here, we present the whole-genome sequence of the pepper-pathogenic Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria strain 85-10, which comprises a 5.17-Mb circular chromosome and four plasmids. The genome has a high G+C content (64.75%) and signatures of extensive genome plasticity. Whole-genome comparisons revealed a gene order similar to both Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and a structure completely different from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. A total of 548 coding sequences (12.2%) are unique to X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. In addition to a type III secretion system, which is essential for pathogenicity, the genome of strain 85-10 encodes all other types of protein secretion systems described so far in gram-negative bacteria. Remarkably, one of the putative type IV secretion systems encoded on the largest plasmid is similar to the Icm/Dot systems of the human pathogens Legionella pneumophila and Coxiella burnetii. Comparisons with other completely sequenced plant pathogens predicted six novel type III effector proteins and several other virulence factors, including adhesins, cell wall-degrading enzymes, and extracellular polysaccharides.

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Present address: Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.

^¶ Present address: Bioinformatics & Pattern Discovery Group, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598.

Present address: Kesterstr. 27, D-86153 Augsburg, Germany.

^|| Present address: Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802.

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