Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what you can do to make your experience of our site the best it can be.
GoGreen Membership

Site Tools

  • AAAS
  • Subscribe
  • Feedback

Site Search

Search Advanced

Science 16 October 1964:
Vol. 146. no. 3642, pp. 347 - 353
DOI: 10.1126/science.146.3642.347

Articles

Strong Inference: Certain systematic methods of scientific thinking may produce much more rapid progress than others

John R. Platt

No abstract or summary view of this item is available. To view the full-text version, follow this link.

Article topics:

  • Communication..Reasoning


THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:
On Behavioral-Environmental Economics.
J. F. Shogren and L. O. Taylor (2008)
Rev Environ Econ Policy
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Editorial: Thoughts on Establishing Research Significance and Preserving Scientific Integrity.
D. Drotar (2008)
J. Pediatr. Psychol. 33, 1-5
   Full Text »    PDF »
The Case for Inductive Theory Building{dagger}.
E. A. Locke (2007)
Journal of Management 33, 867-890
   Abstract »    PDF »
Book Review: Kline, R. B. (2004). Beyond Significance Testing: Reforming Data Analysis Methods in Behavioral Research. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
L. S. Lambert (2007)
Organizational Research Methods 10, 713-716
   PDF »
Special Issues as Vertical Integration: A Rejoinder to Priem and Mowday.
W. McKinley (2007)
Journal of Management Inquiry 16, 240-245
   Abstract »    PDF »
From the Cover: A diapause pathway underlies the gyne phenotype in Polistes wasps, revealing an evolutionary route to caste-containing insect societies.
J. H. Hunt, B. J. Kensinger, J. A. Kossuth, M. T. Henshaw, K. Norberg, F. Wolschin, and G. V. Amdam (2007)
PNAS 104, 14020-14025
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Omics and Its 15 Minutes.
M. W. Duncan (2007)
Experimental Biology and Medicine 232, 471-472
   Full Text »    PDF »
The strong-inference protocol: not just for grant proposals.
S. M. Hiebert (2007)
Advan Physiol Educ 31, 93-96
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Are chicken embryos endotherms or ectotherms? A laboratory exercise integrating concepts in thermoregulation and metabolism.
S. M. Hiebert and J. Noveral (2007)
Advan Physiol Educ 31, 97-109
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Can Random Mutation Mimic Design?: A Guided Inquiry Laboratory for Undergraduate Students.
S. T. Kalinowski, M. L. Taper, and A. M. Metz (2006)
Genetics 174, 1073-1079
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Effect of Service Evaluations on Behavioral Intentions and Quality of Life.
T. S. Dagger and J. C. Sweeney (2006)
Journal of Service Research 9, 3-18
   Abstract »    PDF »
Distinctions Without a Difference: The Utility of Observed Versus Latent Factors From the WISC-IV in Estimating Reading and Math Achievement on the WIAT-II.
J. J. Glutting, M. W. Watkins, T. R. Konold, and P. A. McDermott (2006)
Journal of Special Education 40, 103-114
   Abstract »    PDF »
A guide and glossary on postpositivist theory building for population health..
R M Carpiano and D. M Daley (2006)
J. Epidemiol. Community Health 60, 564-570
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Simultaneous Inductive and Deductive Modeling of Ecological Systems via Evolutionary Computation and Information Theory.
J. P. Hoffmann (2006)
SIMULATION 82, 439-450
   Abstract »    PDF »
Commentary: What can epidemiology accomplish?.
S. Schwartz and E. Susser (2006)
Int. J. Epidemiol. 35, 587-590
   Full Text »    PDF »
Learning to Design Organizations and Learning from Designing Them.
R. L. M. Dunbar and W. H. Starbuck (2006)
Organization Science 17, 171-178
   Abstract »    PDF »
Pattern-Oriented Modeling of Agent-Based Complex Systems: Lessons from Ecology.
V. Grimm, E. Revilla, U. Berger, F. Jeltsch, W. M. Mooij, S. F. Railsback, H.-H. Thulke, J. Weiner, T. Wiegand, and D. L. DeAngelis (2005)
Science 310, 987-991
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Identifiability, Performance Feedback and the Kohler Effect.
N. L. Kerr, L. A. Messe, E. S. Park, and E. J. Sambolec (2005)
Group Processes Intergroup Relations 8, 375-390
   Abstract »    PDF »
Computational modeling of physiological systems.
D. A. Beard, J. B. Bassingthwaighte, and A. S. Greene (2005)
Physiol Genomics 23, 1-3
   Full Text »    PDF »
Multiscale Modeling of Cardiac Cellular Energetics.
J. B. BASSINGTHWAIGHTE, H. J. CHIZECK, L. E. ATLAS, and H. QIAN (2005)
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1047, 395-426
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The Effects of Evolution are Local: Evidence from Experimental Evolution in Drosophila.
M. R. Rose, H. B. Passananti, A. K. Chippindale, J. P. Phelan, M. Matos, H. Teotonio, and L. D. Mueller (2005)
Integr. Comp. Biol. 45, 486-491
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Criteria for Evaluation of Theory.
J. Fawcett (2005)
Nurs Sci Q 18, 131-135
   Abstract »    PDF »
Information Search in the Testing of Quantified Hypotheses: How "All," "Most," "Some," "Few," and "None" Hypotheses Are Tested.
D. M. Sanbonmatsu, S. S. Posavac, S. Vanous, and E. A. Ho (2005)
Pers Soc Psychol Bull 31, 254-266
   Abstract »    PDF »
Heat in evolution's kitchen: evolutionary perspectives on the functions and origin of the facial pit of pitvipers (Viperidae: Crotalinae).
A. R. Krochmal, G. S. Bakken, and T. J. LaDuc (2004)
J. Exp. Biol. 207, 4231-4238
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
The interaction of materialist and postmaterialist values in predicting dimensions of personal and social identity.
R. A. Giacalone and C. L. Jurkiewicz (2004)
Human Relations 57, 1379-1405
   Abstract »    PDF »
Common Sense, Intuition, and Theory in Personality and Social Psychology.
J. T. Cacioppo (2004)
Personality and Social Psychology Review 8, 114-122
   Abstract »    PDF »
The Place and Power of Myth in Geoscience: An Associate Editor's Perspective.
W. R. Dickinson (2003)
Am J Sci 303, 856-864
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Learning Negotiation Skills: Four Models of Knowledge Creation and Transfer.
J. Nadler, L. Thompson, and L. V. Boven (2003)
Management Science 49, 529-540
   Abstract »    PDF »
The Restriction of Variance Hypothesis and Interrater Reliability and Agreement: Are Ratings from Multiple Sources Really Dissimilar?.
J. M. Lebreton, J. R. D. Burgess, R. B. Kaiser, E. K. Atchley, and L. R. James (2003)
Organizational Research Methods 6, 80-128
   Abstract »    PDF »
Invited Program Overview: Research on Relationships as a Prelude to Action.
T. N. Bradbury (2002)
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 19, 571-599
   Abstract »    PDF »
Macromarketing and International Trade: Comparative Advantage versus Cosmopolitan Considerations.
P. Ellis and A. Pecotich (2002)
Journal of Macromarketing 22, 32-56
   Abstract »    PDF »
Editorial: Marketing Science, Models, Monopoly Models, and Why We Need Them.
S. M. Shugan (2002)
Marketing Science 21, 223-228
   PDF »
Neural Coding Mechanisms Underlying Perceived Roughness of Finely Textured Surfaces.
T. Yoshioka, B. Gibb, A. K. Dorsch, S. S. Hsiao, and K. O. Johnson (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 6905-6916
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
A Separate Disease Within the Syndrome of Schizophrenia.
B. Kirkpatrick, R. W. Buchanan, D. E. Ross, and W. T. Carpenter Jr (2001)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 58, 165-171
   Abstract »    Full Text »    PDF »
Enhancing the Scope of Experimental Inquiry in Intervention Studies.
D. S. Cordray (2000)
Crime Delinquency 46, 401-424
   Abstract »    PDF »
Questions about OB at the Club.
C. C. Lundberg, W. A. Curmudgeon, and I. P. Rascal (2000)
Journal of Management Inquiry 9, 29-35
   Abstract »    PDF »
Fairness Perceptions and Trust as Mediators for Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Two-Sample Study.
R. Pillai, C. A. Schriesheim, and E. S. Williams (1999)
Journal of Management 25, 897-933
   Abstract »    PDF »
Advanced Quantitative Methods in Counseling Psychology: Synthesis.
M. V. Ellis and J. M. Chartrand (1999)
The Counseling Psychologist 27, 579-588
   Abstract »    PDF »
Social-Role versus Structural Models of Gender and Influence Use in Organizations: A Strong Inference Approach.
H. Aguinis and S. K.R. Adams (1998)
Group Organization Management 23, 414-446
   Abstract »
The Role of Culture Theory in Cross-Cultural Training: A Multimethod Study of Culture-Specific, Culture-General, and Culture Theory-Based Assimilators.
D. P. S. Bhawuk (1998)
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 29, 630-655
   Abstract »
HARKing: Hypothesizing After the Results are Known.
N. L. Kerr (1998)
Personality and Social Psychology Review 2, 196-217
   Abstract »    PDF »
When is it Acceptable to Accept a Null Hypothesis: No Way, Jose?.
J. M. Cortina and R. G. Folger (1998)
Organizational Research Methods 1, 334-350
   Abstract »
Seeing and Believing: The Variety of Scientists' Responses to Contrary Data.
A. CHIA (1998)
Science Communication 19, 366-391
   Abstract »
The Re-Construction of Organization Studies: Wrestling with Incommensurability.
W. McKinley and M. A. Mone (1998)
Organization 5, 169-189
   Abstract »
Are Board Members Pawns or Watchdogs?: The Link between CEO Pay and Firm Performance.
A. K. Buchholtz, M. N. Young, and G. N. Powell (1998)
Group Organization Management 23, 6-26
   Abstract »
Specific Measures Account for Most of the Variance in Qualitative Ratings of Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Schizophrenia.
D. E. Ross, G. K. Thaker, R. W. Buchanan, A. C. Lahti, R. Conley, D. Medoff, and D. L. Braff (1998)
Arch Gen Psychiatry 55, 184-186
   Full Text »    PDF »
The Prediction of Ego Integrity in Older Persons.
M. T. Hannah, G. Domino, A. J. Figueredo, and R. Hendrickson (1996)
Educational and Psychological Measurement 56, 930-950
   Abstract »
Seminal Readings on Reliability and Validity: A "Hit Parade" Bibliography.
B. Thompson and L. G. Daniel (1996)
Educational and Psychological Measurement 56, 741-745
   Abstract »
On the Veracity and Variability of Traumatic Memory.
W.J. Jacobs, H.E. Laurance, K.G.F. Thomas, S.E. Luzcak, and L. Nadel (1996)
Traumatology 2, 15-22
   Abstract »    PDF »
The Multiply Motivated Self.
C. Sedikides and M. J. Strube (1995)
Pers Soc Psychol Bull 21, 1330-1335
   Abstract »
Human Resource Management and Firm Performance: Testing a Contingency Model of Executive Controls.
S. A. Snell and M. A. Youndt (1995)
Journal of Management 21, 711-737
   Abstract »    PDF »
The effect of prior knowledge on EAP listening-test performance.
C. Jensen and C. Hansen (1995)
Language Testing 12, 99-119
   Abstract »    PDF »
Traumatic Memory and its Recovery: Formulating Hypotheses and Critical Experiments.
K. G. F. Thomas, H. E. Laurance, W. J. Jacobs, and L. Nadel (1995)
Traumatology 1, 15-22
   Abstract »    PDF »
The Effects of Gender and Employee Classification Level on Communication-Related Outcomes: A Test of Structuralist and Socialization Hypotheses.
R. W. GRIFFETH, K. D. CARSON, P. P. CARSON, J. RAGAN, and V. WAN-HUGGINS (1994)
Journal of Business and Technical Communication 8, 299-318
   Abstract »
The Uniqueness Value and its Consequences for Organization Studies.
M. A. Mone and W. McKinley (1993)
Journal of Management Inquiry 2, 284-296
   Abstract »
Atmospheric and Temporal Correlates of Sex Crimes: Endogenous Factors Do Not Explain Seasonal Differences in Rape.
J. Rotton (1993)
Environment and Behavior 25, 625-642
   Abstract »
Research News And Comment: Ethics and Data Analysis.
J. D. Kromrey (1993)
Educational Researcher 22, 24-27
   PDF »
Theoretical Perspectives for Strategic Human Resource Management.
P. M. Wright and G. C. McMahan (1992)
Journal of Management 18, 295-320
   Abstract »    PDF »
Book Reviews : L. Sechrest, E. Perrin, and J. Bunker (Eds.). Research Methodology: Strengthening Causal Interpretations of Nonexperimental Data. (AHCPR Conference Proceedings, Tucson, AZ, April, 1987). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1990.
Z. M. Cantwell (1992)
American Journal of Evaluation 13, 77-79
   PDF »
Twenty Years of Testing Theories: What Have We Learned and Why?.
T. J. BERNARD (1990)
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 27, 325-347
   Abstract »    PDF »
The Comparative Test in Marketing Research and Theory Development.
D. M. Andrus, D. J. Butler, and D. W. Norvell (1987)
Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 15, 9-14
   Abstract »
What Quantitative Research Is and Why It Doesn't Work.
C. KRENZ and G. SAX (1986)
American Behavioral Scientist 30, 58-69
Tests of Computer Simulation Validity: What do they Measure?.
H. Stanislaw (1986)
Simulation Gaming 17, 173-191
   PDF »
Research Training in Counseling Psychology: Have We Addressed the Real Issues?.
N. E. Betz (1986)
The Counseling Psychologist 14, 107-113
Leader Communication Style: A Test of Average Versus Vertical Dyad Linkage Models.
D. D. Baker and D. C. Ganster (1985)
Group Organization Management 10, 242-259
   Abstract »
Emerging Developments in Postsecondary Organization Theory and Research: Fragmentation or Integration.
M. W. PETERSON (1985)
Educational Researcher 14, 5-12
   Abstract »    PDF »
The Method of Multiple Hypotheses: A Neglected Research Strategy in Family Studies.
R. E. LARZELERE and J. H. SKEEN (1984)
Journal of Family Issues 5, 474-492
   Abstract »
Linking Theory and Methodology in Family Studies: Does Strong Inference "Fit"?.
J. S. KIDWELL and G. W. PETERSON (1984)
Journal of Family Issues 5, 493-496
Drawing Valid Meaning from Qualitative Data: Toward a Shared Craft.
M. B. MILES and A. M. HUBERMAN (1984)
Educational Researcher 13, 20-30
   PDF »
Social Psychology and Cumulative Knowledge.
J. T. Tedeschi, G. G. Gaes, C. Riordan, and B. Quigley-Fernandez (1981)
Pers Soc Psychol Bull 7, 161-172
   Abstract »
Methods for Integrative Reviews.
G. B. Jackson (1980)
Review of Educational Research 50, 438-460
   Abstract »    PDF »
Home Economics Research Journal: Guide for Authors.
(1979)
Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 8, 151-157
Policy Perspective: Setting Agendas for Social Research.
W. W. Turnbull (1979)
Educational Researcher 8, 9-24
   PDF »
The Productivity of Educational Research and the Applied-Basic Research Distinction.
J. P. SHAVER (1979)
Educational Researcher 8, 3-9
   PDF »
Explanatory Observational Studies.
W. W. COOLEY (1978)
Educational Researcher 7, 9-15
   PDF »
Factoring the Factors: Factorial Ecologies and Ethnic Research.
R. Bowman (1978)
Journal of Sociology 14, 191-193
   PDF »
Home Economics Research Journal: Guide for Authors.
(1977)
Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 6, 88-94
Home Economics Research Journal: Guide for Authors.
(1976)
Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 5, 61-67
Behavioral Self-Control and Career Development.
C. E. Thoresen and C. K. Ewart (1976)
The Counseling Psychologist 6, 29-43
Home Economics Research Journal: Guide for Authors.
(1975)
Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 4, 64-70
Home Economics Research Journal: Guide for Authors.
(1974)
Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 3, 84-90
Should the History of Science Be Rated X?: The way scientists behave (according to historians) might not be a good model for students.
S. G. Brush (1974)
Science 183, 1164-1172
   Abstract »    PDF »
Invertebrate Color Vision and the Tuned-Receptor Paradigm.
G. S. Wasserman (1973)
Science 180, 268-275
   PDF »
Home Economics Research Journal: Guide for Authors.
(1973)
Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 2, 72-80
   PDF »
Home Economics Research Journal: Guide for Authors.
(1972)
Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 1, 154-159
Home Economics Research Journal: Guide for Authors.
(1972)
Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 1, 74-79
A Note on the Processing of Classroom Observation Records.
K. Yamamoto, J. P. Jones, and M. B. Ross (1972)
American Educational Research Journal 9, 29-44
   PDF »
The Interpretation of Regression Coefficients in a School Effects Model.
R. L. Linn, C. E. Werts, and L. R Tucker (1971)
Educational and Psychological Measurement 31, 85-93
From A Study of War to peace research: some criteria and strategies.
J. D. Singer (1970)
Journal of Conflict Resolution 14, 527-542
The Structure of Ordinary Water: New data and interpretations are yielding new insights into this fascinating substance.
H. S. Frank (1970)
Science 169, 635-641
   Abstract »    PDF »
3: Aesthetic Inquiry.
D. W. Ecker, T. J. Johnson, and E. F. Kaelin (1969)
Review of Educational Research 39, 577-592
   PDF »
5: Methodological Issues In Curriculum Research.
R. E. Schutz (1969)
Review of Educational Research 39, 359-366
   PDF »
10: Relevance and Research in Counseling.
C. E. Thoresen (1969)
Review of Educational Research 39, 263-281
   PDF »
Chapter III: Curriculum Theory: Knowledge and Content.
D. Tanner (1966)
Review of Educational Research 36, 362-372
   PDF »
The Influence of Fisher's "The Design of Experiments" on Educational Research Thirty Years Later.
J. C. Stanley (1966)
American Educational Research Journal 3, 223-229
   PDF »



ADVERTISEMENT
Click Me!

ADVERTISEMENT
Click Me!

To Advertise     Find Products


Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)