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Phytophthora Genome Sequences Uncover Evolutionary Origins and Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
Brett M. Tyler,1*Sucheta Tripathy,1Xuemin Zhang,1Paramvir Dehal,2,3Rays H. Y. Jiang,1,4Andrea Aerts,2,3Felipe D. Arredondo,1Laura Baxter,5Douda Bensasson,2,3,6Jim L. Beynon,5Jarrod Chapman,2,3,7Cynthia M. B. Damasceno,8Anne E. Dorrance,9Daolong Dou,1Allan W. Dickerman,1Inna L. Dubchak,2,3Matteo Garbelotto,10Mark Gijzen,11Stuart G. Gordon,9Francine Govers,4Niklaus J. Grunwald,12Wayne Huang,2,14Kelly L. Ivors,10,15Richard W. Jones,16Sophien Kamoun,9Konstantinos Krampis,1Kurt H. Lamour,17Mi-Kyung Lee,18W. Hayes McDonald,19Mónica Medina,20Harold J. G. Meijer,4Eric K. Nordberg,1Donald J. Maclean,21Manuel D. Ospina-Giraldo,22Paul F. Morris,23Vipaporn Phuntumart,23Nicholas H. Putnam,2,3Sam Rash,2,13Jocelyn K. C. Rose,24Yasuko Sakihama,25Asaf A. Salamov,2,3Alon Savidor,17Chantel F. Scheuring,18Brian M. Smith,1Bruno W. S. Sobral,1Astrid Terry,2,13Trudy A. Torto-Alalibo,1Joe Win,9Zhanyou Xu,18Hongbin Zhang,18Igor V. Grigoriev,2,3Daniel S. Rokhsar,2,7Jeffrey L. Boore2,3,26,27
Draft genome sequences have been determined for the soybeanpathogen Phytophthora sojae and the sudden oak death pathogenPhytophthora ramorum. Oömycetes such as these Phytophthoraspecies share the kingdom Stramenopila with photosynthetic algaesuch as diatoms, and the presence of many Phytophthora genesof probable phototroph origin supports a photosynthetic ancestryfor the stramenopiles. Comparison of the two species' genomesreveals a rapid expansion and diversification of many proteinfamilies associated with plant infection such as hydrolases,ABC transporters, protein toxins, proteinase inhibitors, and,in particular, a superfamily of 700 proteins with similarityto known oömycete avirulence genes.
1 Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. 2 Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA. 3 Genomics Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. 4 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, NL-6709 PD Wageningen, Netherlands. 5 Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom. 6 Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College, London SL5 7PY, United Kingdom. 7 Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. 8 Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. 9 Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA. 10 Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Ecosystem Sciences Division, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. 11 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada, N5V 4T3. 12 Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA. 13 Biosciences Directorate, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA. 14 Computation Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA. 15 North Carolina State University Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Fletcher, NC 28732, USA. 16 Vegetable Laboratory, Henry Wallace Beltsville Agriculture Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA. 17 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. 18 Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&MUniversity, College Station, TX 77843, USA. 19 Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA. 20 School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95344, USA. 21 Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia. 22 Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA. 23 Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43402, USA. 24 Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. 25 Laboratory of Ecological Chemistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan. 26 Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. 27 Genome Project Solutions, Hercules, CA 94547, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bmtyler{at}vt.edu
