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ReportsCognitive Control Signals for Neural Prosthetics 
Recent development of neural prosthetics for assisting paralyzed patients has focused on decoding intended hand trajectories from motor cortical neurons and using this signal to control external devices. In this study, higher level signals related to the goals of movements were decoded from three monkeys and used to position cursors on a computer screen without the animals emitting any behavior. Their performance in this task improved over a period of weeks. Expected value signals related to fluid preference, the expected magnitude, or probability of reward were decoded simultaneously with the intended goal. For neural prosthetic applications, the goal signals can be used to operate computers, robots, and vehicles, whereas the expected value signals can be used to continuously monitor a paralyzed patient's preferences and motivation. Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 216-76, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
* Present address: Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5K8, Canada.
The editors suggest the following Related Resources on Science sites:In Science Magazine
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Present address: Institute of Neuroinformatics, University/Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. 
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: 
Science. ISSN 0036-8075 (print), 1095-9203 (online)
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