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METABOLISM, TRANSPORT, AND PHARMACOGENOMICS

Transport, Metabolism, and in Vivo Population Pharmacokinetics of the Chloro Benztropine Analogs, a Class of Compounds Extensively Evaluated in Animal Models of Drug Abuse

Pharmacokinetics-Biopharmaceutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland (A.A.O., S.A.S., N.D.E.); and Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse–Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (A.H.N.)

Recently, extensive behavioral research has been conducted on the benztropine (BZT) analogs with the goal of developing successful therapeutics for cocaine abuse. The present study was conducted to characterize the contribution of dispositional factors in mediating the behavioral differences among the chloro BZT analogs and to identify cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in their metabolism. Bidirectional transport and efflux studies of four of the chloro BZT analogs were conducted. Screening with a panel of human and rat Supersomes was performed for 4',4''-diCl BZT. In addition, pharmacokinetic and brain distribution studies for 4'-Cl and 4',4''-diCl BZT in Sprague-Dawley rats were conducted. The permeability of the chloro analogs ranged from 8.26 to 32.23 and from 1.37 to 21.65 x 10^–6 cm/s, whereas the efflux ratios ranged from 2.1 to 6.9 and from 3.3 to 28.4 across Madin-Darby canine kidney-multidrug resistance 1 (MDCK-MDR1) and Caco-2 monolayers, respectively. The P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor verapamil reduced the efflux ratios and enhanced the absorptive transport of the chloro BZT analogs. 4',4''-diCl BZT was a substrate of human CYP2D6 and 2C19 and rat 2C11 and 3A1. The brain uptake for 4'-Cl and 4',4''-diCl BZT was comparable and higher than previously reported for cocaine (brain-to-plasma partition coefficient = 4.6–4.7 versus 2.1 for cocaine). The rank order for t_1/2 was 4',4''-diCl BZT >> 4'-Cl BZT > cocaine and for steady-state volume of distribution was 4'-Cl BZT > 4',4''-diCl BZT >> cocaine. In conclusion, the chloro analogs differ significantly in their clearance and duration of action, which correlates to their behavioral profiles and abuse liability. Furthermore, these results suggest that the distinctive behavioral profile of these analogs is not due to limited brain exposure.

Address correspondence to: Dr. Natalie D. Eddington, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, 20 Penn St., HSF-2, Baltimore, MD 21201. E-mail: neddingt{at}rx.umaryland.edu

This article has been cited by other articles:

				A. A. Othman, A. H. Newman, and N. D. Eddington Applicability of the Dopamine and Rate Hypotheses in Explaining the Differences in Behavioral Pharmacology of the Chloro-Benztropine Analogs: Studies Conducted Using Intracerebral Microdialysis and Population Pharmacodynamic Modeling J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., August 1, 2007; 322(2): 760 - 769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]