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ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, AND EXCRETION
1(I) Collagen Gene Promoter-Specific Triplex-Forming Oligonucleotides after Conjugation with Cholesterol
Departments of Pharmaceutical (K.C., Z.Y., R.I.M.) and Molecular (R.V.G.) Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
A triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO) specific for type 
1(I) collagen promoter is a promising candidate for treating liver fibrosis. Earlier, we determined the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of TFO after systemic administration into normal and fibrotic rats. In this study, we conjugated cholesterol to the 3' end of the TFO via a disulfide bond and determined its cellular and nuclear uptake and bioactivity using HSC-T6 cell lines in vitro, followed by biodistribution at whole-body, organ (liver), and subcellular levels. Conjugation with cholesterol had little effect on the triplex-forming ability of the TFO with target duplex DNA, and the cellular uptake of 33P-TFO-cholesterol (Chol) increased by 2- to approximately 4-fold. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis after transfection of HSC-T6 cells with TFO-Chol or TFO indicated that TFO-Chol had higher inhibition on type 1(I) collagen primary transcript than naked TFO at low concentration (200 nM) but showed similar inhibition at higher concentration (500 and 1000 nM). There was increase in the inhibition on primary transcript with transfection time. The hepatic uptake of 33P-TFO-Chol after systemic administration was 72.22% of the dose compared with 45.8% of 33P-TFO. There was significant increase in the uptake of 33P-TFO-Chol by hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes. More importantly, the nuclear uptake of TFO-Chol was higher than TFO in cell culture system and in vivo studies. In conclusion, TFO-Chol is a potential antifibrotic agent.
Address correspondence to: Dr. Ram I. Mahato, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 26 South Dunlap Street, Feurt 413, Memphis, TN 38163. E-mail: rmahato{at}utmem.edu
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