23 December 2019 KM3NeT front-end and readout electronics system: hardware, firmware, and software
Sebastiano Aiello, Fabrizio Ameli, Annarita Margiotta, Michel Andre, Giorgos Androulakis, Marco Anghinolfi, Antonio Marinelli, Gisela Anton, Miquel Ardid, Christos Markou, Julien Aublin, Christos Bagatelas, Gregory Martignac, Giancarlo Barbarino, Bruny Baret, Lilian Martin, Suzan Basegmez du Pree, Anastasios Belias, Juan A. Martínez-Mora, Meriem Bendahman, Edward Berbee, Ad M. van den Berg, Vincent Bertin, Agnese Martini, Vincent van Beveren, Simone Biagi, Andrea Biagioni, Fabio Marzaioli, Matthias Bissinger, Pascal Bos, Safaa Mazzou, Jihad Boumaaza, Simon Bourret, Rosa Mele, Mohammed Bouta, Karel W. Melis, Gilles Bouvet, Mieke Bouwhuis, Pasquale Migliozzi, Cristiano Bozza, Horea Brânzaş, Emilio Migneco, Max M. Briel, Marc Bruchner, Piotr Mijakowski, Ronald Bruijn, Jurgen Brunner, Luis S. Miranda, Ernst-Jan Buis, Raffaele Buompane, Carlos M. Mollo, Jose Busto, David Calvo, Mauro Morganti, Antonio Capone, Silvia Celli, Michael Moser, Mohamed Chabab, Nhan Chau, Abdelilah Moussa, Silvio Cherubini, Vitaliano Chiarella, Rasa Muller, Tommaso Chiarusi, Marco Circella, Rosanna Cocimano, Paolo Musico, Joao A. B. Coelho, Alexis Coleiro, Mario Musumeci, Marta C. Molla, Stephane Colonges, Lodewijk Nauta, Rosa Coniglione, Paschal Coyle, Sergio Navas, Alexandre Creusot, Giacomo Cuttone, Carlo A. Nicolau, Antonio D’Amico, Antonio D’Onofrio, Christine Nielsen, Richard Dallier, Mauro De Palma, Brian Ó. Fearraigh, Irene Di Palma, Antonio F. Díaz, Mukharbek Organokov, Didac Diego-Tortosa, Carla Distefano, Angelo Orlando, Alba Domi, Vasilis Panagopoulos, Roberto Donà, Corinne Donzaud, Damien Dornic, Manuel Dörr, Gogita Papalashvili, Mora Durocher, Thomas Eberl, Riccardo Papaleo, Thijs van Eeden, Imad El Bojaddaini, Cosimo Pastore, Hassnae Eljarrari, Dominik Elsaesser, Gabriela E. Păvălaş, Alexander Enzenhöfer, Paolo Fermani, Giuliano Pellegrini, Giovanna Ferrara, Miroslav D. Filipovic, Luigi A. Fusco, Deepak Gajanana, Carmelo Pellegrino, Tamas Gal, Alfonso Garcia Soto, Fabio Garufi, Mathieu Perrin-Terrin, Lucio Gialanella, Paolo Piattelli, Emidio Giorgio, Sara R. Gozzini, Rodrigo Gracia, Camiel Pieterse, Kay Graf, Dario Grasso, Timothee Grégoire, Giuseppe Grella, Konstantinos Pikounis, Daniel Guderian, Carlo Guidi, Steffen Hallmann, Ofelia Pisanti, Hassane Hamdaoui, Chiara Poirè, Hans van Haren, Aart Heijboer, Georgia Polydefki, Amar Hekalo, Vlad Popa, Universitat de València Hernández-Rey, Jannik Hofestädt, Maarten Post, Feifei Huang, Enrique H. Santiago, Thierry Pradier, Giulia Illuminati, Clancy W. James, Gerd Pühlhofer, Peter Jansweijer, Sara Pulvirenti, Martijn Jongen, Maartin de Jong, Liam Quinn, Paul de Jong, Matthias Kadler, Piotr Kalaczyński, Oleg Kalekin, Fabrizio Raffaelli, Uli F. Katz, Nafis R. Khan Chowdhury, Nunzio Randazzo, Frits van der Knaap, Antonio Rapicavoli, Els N. Koffeman, Paul Kooijman, Soebur Razzaque, Antoine Kouchner, Michael Kreter, Vladimir Kulikovskiy, Robert Lahmann, Diego Real, Giuseppina Larosa, Remy Le Breton, Stefan Reck, Francesco Leone, Emanuele Leonora, Jonas Reubelt, Giuseppe Levi, Massimiliano Lincetto, Miles Lindsey Clark, Giorgio Riccobene, Alessandro Lonardo, Marc Richer, Fabio Longhitano, Louis M. Rigalleau, Daniel Lopez-Coto, Giuliano Maggi, Alberto Rovelli, Jerzy Mańczak, Karl Mannheim, Ilenia Salvadori, Annarita Margiotta, Antonio Marinelli, Dorothea F. E. Samtleben, Christos Markou, Gregory Martignac, Lilian Martin, Agustin Sánchez Losa, Juan A. Martínez-Mora, Agnese Martini, Matteo Sanguineti, Fabio Marzaioli, Andrea Santangelo, Safaa Mazzou, Rosa Mele, Domenico Santonocito, Karel W. Melis, Pasquale Migliozzi, Piera Sapienza, Emilio Migneco, Piotr Mijakowski, Jan-Willem Schmelling, Luis S. Miranda, Carlos M. Mollo, Jutta Schnabel, Mauro Morganti, Michael Moser, Abdelilah Moussa, Virginia Sciacca, Rasa Muller, Paolo Musico, Jordan Seneca, Mario Musumeci, Lodewijk Nauta, Irene Sgura, Sergio Navas, Rezo Shanidze, Carlo A. Nicolau, Christine Nielsen, Brian Ó. Fearraigh, Ankur Sharma, Mukharbek Organokov, Angelo Orlando, Francesco Simeone, Vasilis Panagopoulos, Gogita Papalashvili, Anna Sinopoulou, Riccardo Papaleo, Cosimo Pastore, Gabriela E. Păvălaş, Bernardino Spisso, Giuliano Pellegrini, Carmelo Pellegrino, Mathieu Perrin-Terrin, Maurizio Spurio, Paolo Piattelli, Camiel Pieterse, Dimitris Stavropoulos, Konstantinos Pikounis, Ofelia Pisanti, Jos Steijger, Chiara Poirè, Simona M. Stellacci, Georgia Polydefki, Vlad Popa, Bruno Strandberg, Maarten Post, Thierry Pradier, Dominik Stransky, Gerd Pühlhofer, Sara Pulvirenti, Mauro Taiuti, Liam Quinn, Fabrizio Raffaelli, Yahya Tayalati, Nunzio Randazzo, Antonio Rapicavoli, Enrique Tenllado, Soebur Razzaque, Diego Real, Stefan Reck, Jonas Reubelt, Tarak Thakore, Giorgio Riccobene, Marc Richer, Paul Timmer, Louis M. Rigalleau, Alberto Rovelli, Ilenia Salvadori, Dorothea F. E. Samtleben, Steven Tingay, Agustin Sánchez Losa, Matteo Sanguineti, Ekaterini Tzamarias, Andrea Santangelo, Domenico Santonocito, Dimitrios Tzanetatos, Piera Sapienza, Jan-Willem Schmelling, Veronique Van Elewyck, Jutta Schnabel, Virginia Sciacca, Federico Versari, Jordan Seneca, Salvo Viola, Irene Sgura, Rezo Shanidze, Daniele Vivolo, Ankur Sharma, Francesco Simeone, Gwenhael de Wasseige, Anna Sinopoulou, Bernardino Spisso, Maurizio Spurio, Dimitris Stavropoulos, Jörn Wilms, Jos Steijger, Simona M. Stellacci, Rafał Wojaczyński, Bruno Strandberg, Dominik Stransky, Els de Wolf, Mauro Taiuti, Yahya Tayalati, Dmitry Zaborov, Enrique Tenllado, Tarak Thakore, Paul Timmer, Steven Tingay, Angela Zegarelli, Ekaterini Tzamarias, Dimitrios Tzanetatos, Juan D. Zornoza, Veronique Van Elewyck, Federico Versari, Juan Zúñiga, Salvo Viola, Daniele Vivolo, Gwenhael de Wasseige, Jörn Wilms, Rafał Wojaczyński, Els de Wolf, Dmitry Zaborov, Angela Zegarelli, Juan D. Zornoza, Juan Zúñiga
Author Affiliations +
Abstract

The KM3NeT research infrastructure being built at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea will host water-Cherenkov telescopes for the detection of cosmic neutrinos. The neutrino telescopes will consist of large volume three-dimensional grids of optical modules to detect the Cherenkov light from charged particles produced by neutrino-induced interactions. Each optical module houses 31 3-in. photomultiplier tubes, instrumentation for calibration of the photomultiplier signal and positioning of the optical module, and all associated electronics boards. By design, the total electrical power consumption of an optical module has been capped at seven Watts. We present an overview of the front-end and readout electronics system inside the optical module, which has been designed for a 1-ns synchronization between the clocks of all optical modules in the grid during a life time of at least 20 years.

© 2019 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) 2329-4124/2019/$28.00 © 2019 SPIE
Sebastiano Aiello, Fabrizio Ameli, Annarita Margiotta, Michel Andre, Giorgos Androulakis, Marco Anghinolfi, Antonio Marinelli, Gisela Anton, Miquel Ardid, Christos Markou, Julien Aublin, Christos Bagatelas, Gregory Martignac, Giancarlo Barbarino, Bruny Baret, Lilian Martin, Suzan Basegmez du Pree, Anastasios Belias, Juan A. Martínez-Mora, Meriem Bendahman, Edward Berbee, Ad M. van den Berg, Vincent Bertin, Agnese Martini, Vincent van Beveren, Simone Biagi, Andrea Biagioni, Fabio Marzaioli, Matthias Bissinger, Pascal Bos, Safaa Mazzou, Jihad Boumaaza, Simon Bourret, Rosa Mele, Mohammed Bouta, Karel W. Melis, Gilles Bouvet, Mieke Bouwhuis, Pasquale Migliozzi, Cristiano Bozza, Horea Brânzaş, Emilio Migneco, Max M. Briel, Marc Bruchner, Piotr Mijakowski, Ronald Bruijn, Jurgen Brunner, Luis S. Miranda, Ernst-Jan Buis, Raffaele Buompane, Carlos M. Mollo, Jose Busto, David Calvo, Mauro Morganti, Antonio Capone, Silvia Celli, Michael Moser, Mohamed Chabab, Nhan Chau, Abdelilah Moussa, Silvio Cherubini, Vitaliano Chiarella, Rasa Muller, Tommaso Chiarusi, Marco Circella, Rosanna Cocimano, Paolo Musico, Joao A. B. Coelho, Alexis Coleiro, Mario Musumeci, Marta C. Molla, Stephane Colonges, Lodewijk Nauta, Rosa Coniglione, Paschal Coyle, Sergio Navas, Alexandre Creusot, Giacomo Cuttone, Carlo A. Nicolau, Antonio D’Amico, Antonio D’Onofrio, Christine Nielsen, Richard Dallier, Mauro De Palma, Brian Ó. Fearraigh, Irene Di Palma, Antonio F. Díaz, Mukharbek Organokov, Didac Diego-Tortosa, Carla Distefano, Angelo Orlando, Alba Domi, Vasilis Panagopoulos, Roberto Donà, Corinne Donzaud, Damien Dornic, Manuel Dörr, Gogita Papalashvili, Mora Durocher, Thomas Eberl, Riccardo Papaleo, Thijs van Eeden, Imad El Bojaddaini, Cosimo Pastore, Hassnae Eljarrari, Dominik Elsaesser, Gabriela E. Păvălaş, Alexander Enzenhöfer, Paolo Fermani, Giuliano Pellegrini, Giovanna Ferrara, Miroslav D. Filipovic, Luigi A. Fusco, Deepak Gajanana, Carmelo Pellegrino, Tamas Gal, Alfonso Garcia Soto, Fabio Garufi, Mathieu Perrin-Terrin, Lucio Gialanella, Paolo Piattelli, Emidio Giorgio, Sara R. Gozzini, Rodrigo Gracia, Camiel Pieterse, Kay Graf, Dario Grasso, Timothee Grégoire, Giuseppe Grella, Konstantinos Pikounis, Daniel Guderian, Carlo Guidi, Steffen Hallmann, Ofelia Pisanti, Hassane Hamdaoui, Chiara Poirè, Hans van Haren, Aart Heijboer, Georgia Polydefki, Amar Hekalo, Vlad Popa, Universitat de València Hernández-Rey, Jannik Hofestädt, Maarten Post, Feifei Huang, Enrique H. Santiago, Thierry Pradier, Giulia Illuminati, Clancy W. James, Gerd Pühlhofer, Peter Jansweijer, Sara Pulvirenti, Martijn Jongen, Maartin de Jong, Liam Quinn, Paul de Jong, Matthias Kadler, Piotr Kalaczyński, Oleg Kalekin, Fabrizio Raffaelli, Uli F. Katz, Nafis R. Khan Chowdhury, Nunzio Randazzo, Frits van der Knaap, Antonio Rapicavoli, Els N. Koffeman, Paul Kooijman, Soebur Razzaque, Antoine Kouchner, Michael Kreter, Vladimir Kulikovskiy, Robert Lahmann, Diego Real, Giuseppina Larosa, Remy Le Breton, Stefan Reck, Francesco Leone, Emanuele Leonora, Jonas Reubelt, Giuseppe Levi, Massimiliano Lincetto, Miles Lindsey Clark, Giorgio Riccobene, Alessandro Lonardo, Marc Richer, Fabio Longhitano, Louis M. Rigalleau, Daniel Lopez-Coto, Giuliano Maggi, Alberto Rovelli, Jerzy Mańczak, Karl Mannheim, Ilenia Salvadori, Annarita Margiotta, Antonio Marinelli, Dorothea F. E. Samtleben, Christos Markou, Gregory Martignac, Lilian Martin, Agustin Sánchez Losa, Juan A. Martínez-Mora, Agnese Martini, Matteo Sanguineti, Fabio Marzaioli, Andrea Santangelo, Safaa Mazzou, Rosa Mele, Domenico Santonocito, Karel W. Melis, Pasquale Migliozzi, Piera Sapienza, Emilio Migneco, Piotr Mijakowski, Jan-Willem Schmelling, Luis S. Miranda, Carlos M. Mollo, Jutta Schnabel, Mauro Morganti, Michael Moser, Abdelilah Moussa, Virginia Sciacca, Rasa Muller, Paolo Musico, Jordan Seneca, Mario Musumeci, Lodewijk Nauta, Irene Sgura, Sergio Navas, Rezo Shanidze, Carlo A. Nicolau, Christine Nielsen, Brian Ó. Fearraigh, Ankur Sharma, Mukharbek Organokov, Angelo Orlando, Francesco Simeone, Vasilis Panagopoulos, Gogita Papalashvili, Anna Sinopoulou, Riccardo Papaleo, Cosimo Pastore, Gabriela E. Păvălaş, Bernardino Spisso, Giuliano Pellegrini, Carmelo Pellegrino, Mathieu Perrin-Terrin, Maurizio Spurio, Paolo Piattelli, Camiel Pieterse, Dimitris Stavropoulos, Konstantinos Pikounis, Ofelia Pisanti, Jos Steijger, Chiara Poirè, Simona M. Stellacci, Georgia Polydefki, Vlad Popa, Bruno Strandberg, Maarten Post, Thierry Pradier, Dominik Stransky, Gerd Pühlhofer, Sara Pulvirenti, Mauro Taiuti, Liam Quinn, Fabrizio Raffaelli, Yahya Tayalati, Nunzio Randazzo, Antonio Rapicavoli, Enrique Tenllado, Soebur Razzaque, Diego Real, Stefan Reck, Jonas Reubelt, Tarak Thakore, Giorgio Riccobene, Marc Richer, Paul Timmer, Louis M. Rigalleau, Alberto Rovelli, Ilenia Salvadori, Dorothea F. E. Samtleben, Steven Tingay, Agustin Sánchez Losa, Matteo Sanguineti, Ekaterini Tzamarias, Andrea Santangelo, Domenico Santonocito, Dimitrios Tzanetatos, Piera Sapienza, Jan-Willem Schmelling, Veronique Van Elewyck, Jutta Schnabel, Virginia Sciacca, Federico Versari, Jordan Seneca, Salvo Viola, Irene Sgura, Rezo Shanidze, Daniele Vivolo, Ankur Sharma, Francesco Simeone, Gwenhael de Wasseige, Anna Sinopoulou, Bernardino Spisso, Maurizio Spurio, Dimitris Stavropoulos, Jörn Wilms, Jos Steijger, Simona M. Stellacci, Rafał Wojaczyński, Bruno Strandberg, Dominik Stransky, Els de Wolf, Mauro Taiuti, Yahya Tayalati, Dmitry Zaborov, Enrique Tenllado, Tarak Thakore, Paul Timmer, Steven Tingay, Angela Zegarelli, Ekaterini Tzamarias, Dimitrios Tzanetatos, Juan D. Zornoza, Veronique Van Elewyck, Federico Versari, Juan Zúñiga, Salvo Viola, Daniele Vivolo, Gwenhael de Wasseige, Jörn Wilms, Rafał Wojaczyński, Els de Wolf, Dmitry Zaborov, Angela Zegarelli, Juan D. Zornoza, and Juan Zúñiga "KM3NeT front-end and readout electronics system: hardware, firmware, and software," Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems 5(4), 046001 (23 December 2019). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JATIS.5.4.046001
Received: 19 July 2019; Accepted: 28 November 2019; Published: 23 December 2019
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Cited by 26 scholarly publications.
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KEYWORDS
Electronics

Field programmable gate arrays

Clocks

Sensors

Data acquisition

Logic

Charged particle optics

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