First published online April 29, 2002; 10.1105/tpc.010475
The Plant Cell, Vol. 14, 1067-1075,
May 2002, Copyright © 2002,
American Society of Plant Biologists
Photoexcited Structure of a Plant Photoreceptor Domain Reveals a Light-Driven Molecular Switch
Sean Crossona and
Keith Moffat1,a,b,c
a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
b Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
c Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail moffat{at}cars.uchicago.edu; fax 773-702-0439
The phototropins are flavoprotein kinases that control phototropic bending, light-induced chloroplast movement, and stomatal opening in plants. Two flavin mononucleotide binding light, oxygen, or voltage (LOV) domains are the sites for initial photochemistry in these blue light photoreceptors. We have determined the steady state, photoexcited crystal structure of a flavin-bound LOV domain. The structure reveals a unique photochemical switch in the flavin binding pocket in which the absorption of light drives the formation of a reversible covalent bond between a highly conserved Cys residue and the flavin cofactor. This provides a molecular picture of a cysteinyl-flavin covalent adduct, the presumed signaling species that leads to phototropin kinase activation and subsequent signal transduction. We identify closely related LOV domains in two eubacterial proteins that suggests the light-induced conformational change evident in this structure is an ancient biomolecular response to light, arising before the appearance of plants.
This article has been cited by other articles:

|
 |

|
 |
 
Y.-S. Kim, S.-G. Kim, M. Lee, I. Lee, H.-Y. Park, P. J. Seo, J.-H. Jung, E.-J. Kwon, S. W. Suh, K.-H. Paek, et al.
HD-ZIP III Activity Is Modulated by Competitive Inhibitors via a Feedback Loop in Arabidopsis Shoot Apical Meristem Development
PLANT CELL,
April 1, 2008;
20(4):
920 - 933.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
E. B. Purcell, D. Siegal-Gaskins, D. C. Rawling, A. Fiebig, and S. Crosson
A photosensory two-component system regulates bacterial cell attachment
PNAS,
November 13, 2007;
104(46):
18241 - 18246.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
B. D. Zoltowski, C. Schwerdtfeger, J. Widom, J. J. Loros, A. M. Bilwes, J. C. Dunlap, and B. R. Crane
Conformational Switching in the Fungal Light Sensor Vivid
Science,
May 18, 2007;
316(5827):
1054 - 1057.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
M. A. Jones, K. A. Feeney, S. M. Kelly, and J. M. Christie
Mutational Analysis of Phototropin 1 Provides Insights into the Mechanism Underlying LOV2 Signal Transmission
J. Biol. Chem.,
March 2, 2007;
282(9):
6405 - 6414.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
H.-Y. Cho, T.-S. Tseng, E. Kaiserli, S. Sullivan, J. M. Christie, and W. R. Briggs
Physiological Roles of the Light, Oxygen, or Voltage Domains of Phototropin 1 and Phototropin 2 in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiology,
January 1, 2007;
143(1):
517 - 529.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
P. L. Freddolino, M. Dittrich, and K. Schulten
Dynamic Switching Mechanisms in LOV1 and LOV2 Domains of Plant Phototropins
Biophys. J.,
November 15, 2006;
91(10):
3630 - 3639.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
T. A. Gaidenko, T.-J. Kim, A. L. Weigel, M. S. Brody, and C. W. Price
The Blue-Light Receptor YtvA Acts in the Environmental Stress Signaling Pathway of Bacillus subtilis.
J. Bacteriol.,
September 1, 2006;
188(17):
6387 - 6395.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
Y. Nakasone, T. Eitoku, D. Matsuoka, S. Tokutomi, and M. Terazima
Kinetic Measurement of Transient Dimerization and Dissociation Reactions of Arabidopsis Phototropin 1 LOV2 Domain
Biophys. J.,
July 15, 2006;
91(2):
645 - 653.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
Q. He and Y. Liu
Molecular mechanism of light responses in Neurospora: from light-induced transcription to photoadaptation
Genes & Dev.,
December 1, 2005;
19(23):
2888 - 2899.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
D. Matsuoka and S. Tokutomi
Blue light-regulated molecular switch of Ser/Thr kinase in phototropin
PNAS,
September 13, 2005;
102(37):
13337 - 13342.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
H. Guo, T. Kottke, P. Hegemann, and B. Dick
The Phot LOV2 Domain and Its Interaction with LOV1
Biophys. J.,
July 1, 2005;
89(1):
402 - 412.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
Y. Sang, Q.-H. Li, V. Rubio, Y.-C. Zhang, J. Mao, X.-W. Deng, and H.-Q. Yang
N-Terminal Domain-Mediated Homodimerization Is Required for Photoreceptor Activity of Arabidopsis CRYPTOCHROME 1
PLANT CELL,
May 1, 2005;
17(5):
1569 - 1584.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. Pandini and L. Bonati
Conservation and specialization in PAS domain dynamics
Protein Eng. Des. Sel.,
March 1, 2005;
18(3):
127 - 137.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
K. Hasegawa, S. Masuda, and T.-a. Ono
Spectroscopic Analysis of the Dark Relaxation Process of a Photocycle in a Sensor of Blue Light using FAD (BLUF) Protein Slr1694 of the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803
Plant Cell Physiol.,
January 15, 2005;
46(1):
136 - 146.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. J. Fischer and J. C. Lagarias
Inaugural Article: Harnessing phytochrome's glowing potential
PNAS,
December 14, 2004;
101(50):
17334 - 17339.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
C. A. Brautigam, B. S. Smith, Z. Ma, M. Palnitkar, D. R. Tomchick, M. Machius, and J. Deisenhofer
Structure of the photolyase-like domain of cryptochrome 1 from Arabidopsis thaliana
PNAS,
August 17, 2004;
101(33):
12142 - 12147.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. Losi, T. Kottke, and P. Hegemann
Recording of Blue Light-Induced Energy and Volume Changes within the Wild-Type and Mutated Phot-LOV1 Domain from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Biophys. J.,
February 1, 2004;
86(2):
1051 - 1060.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Reinelt, E. Hofmann, T. Gerharz, M. Bott, and D. R. Madden
The Structure of the Periplasmic Ligand-binding Domain of the Sensor Kinase CitA Reveals the First Extracellular PAS Domain
J. Biol. Chem.,
October 3, 2003;
278(40):
39189 - 39196.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
P. Cheng, Q. He, Y. Yang, L. Wang, and Y. Liu
Functional conservation of light, oxygen, or voltage domains in light sensing
PNAS,
May 13, 2003;
100(10):
5938 - 5943.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
C. W. M. Kay, E. Schleicher, A. Kuppig, H. Hofner, W. Rudiger, M. Schleicher, M. Fischer, A. Bacher, S. Weber, and G. Richter
Blue Light Perception in Plants. DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A LIGHT-INDUCED NEUTRAL FLAVIN RADICAL IN A C450A MUTANT OF PHOTOTROPIN
J. Biol. Chem.,
March 21, 2003;
278(13):
10973 - 10982.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
T. Kottke, J. Heberle, D. Hehn, B. Dick, and P. Hegemann
Phot-LOV1: Photocycle of a Blue-Light Receptor Domain from the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Biophys. J.,
February 1, 2003;
84(2):
1192 - 1201.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. B. Corchnoy, T. E. Swartz, J. W. Lewis, I. Szundi, W. R. Briggs, and R. A. Bogomolni
Intramolecular Proton Transfers and Structural Changes during the Photocycle of the LOV2 Domain of Phototropin 1
J. Biol. Chem.,
January 3, 2003;
278(2):
724 - 731.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
K. Ataka, P. Hegemann, and J. Heberle
Vibrational Spectroscopy of an Algal Phot-LOV1 Domain Probes the Molecular Changes Associated with Blue-Light Reception
Biophys. J.,
January 1, 2003;
84(1):
466 - 474.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
K. Sakamoto and W. R. Briggs
Cellular and Subcellular Localization of Phototropin 1
PLANT CELL,
August 1, 2002;
14(8):
1723 - 1735.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|
|
|