Figure 1

X-ray radiographs of growing 3D broadband modulations measured with x-ray radiography recorded at target distances traveled of (a) 1, (b) 18, and (c) $67\mu \mathrm{m}$ in 20-, 35-, and $55\mu \mathrm{m}$-thick CH foils. The corresponding Wiener-filtered images with imposed bubble borders (found using the watershed algorithm) are shown on the right-hand side. The light areas (more x-ray transmission) represent bubbles, while dark areas (less x-ray transmission) represent spikes.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 2

(a) Distributions of the bubble sizes and (b) the bubble rms amplitudes measured at three different distances traveled—$1\mu \mathrm{m}$ (red curve), $18\mu \mathrm{m}$ (black curve), and $67\mu \mathrm{m}$ (blue curve). (c) The normalized bubble size distributions as in (a) presented as a function of normalized bubble size. (d) Normalized bubble rms amplitude distributions as a function of normalized rms amplitude at the same distance traveled. The similarity between the normalized distributions suggests that the instability is in the self-similar regime where the normalized distributions do not change. The dashed curves represent normal distribution fits to the measured data. The dotted and dot-dashed lines in (c) are the distributions predicted from the 2D and 3D models, respectively, presented in Refs. 5, 29, 30.Reuse & Permissions

Figure 3

(a) The measured number of bubbles (circles) as a function of the distance traveled. The solid line is the fit of Eq. (1) to the experimental data. (b) The measured average bubble size (circles) as a function of the distance traveled. The solid line is the linear fit to the data. The normalized merging rates, as determined independently using fit curves in (a) and (b), are the same. (c) The ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{rms}}$ of the modulations (circles) as a function of the distance traveled. The solid line is the linear fit to the data excluding the two filled points in which the density calculated by 1D hydrocode LILAC is affected by 3D effects.Reuse & Permissions