(a) Height profile of quartz substrate used [1] (vertical scale expanded by ). (b) AFM images of DNA molecules on quartz taken with molecular imaging model PicoSPM II in tapping mode. The probe is a silicon cantilever operating at a resonance frequency of (tip radius 10–20 nm). Height scale: 1 nm from the darkest to the brightest. Scale bar: 200 nm.Reuse & Permissions