Case for an Open Universe

The determination of the geometrical structure of the universe through the magnitude-vs-redshift relation in standard cosmology has not been very successful, mainly because of the intrinsic insensitivity of the m-vs-z relation to the deceleration parameter q̅ ₀ which determines the spatial curvature and therefore the geometry. By relaxing the assumption usually made, i.e., the identity of gravitational and atomic clocks, sufficient sensitivity is achieved for the determination of q̅ ₀. Existing observational evidence then leads one to conclude that the universe is open.