In recent years, with the wide use of carbon beams, in order to verify the predictive ability of Monte Carlo programs to simulate nuclear reactions, researchers around the world have done many benchmark tests on simulations of outgoing fragments of ${}^{12}\mathrm{C}$ beam bombarding light target materials such as hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and water targets. With the increase of target mass number, the fragmentation reaction will become more complex, and the applicability of the geant4 nuclear reaction models for this aspect is still unknown. In this paper, the simulation results of emitted light fragments using three hadronic reaction models embedded in the geant4 toolkit are compared with experimental measurements of Cu, W, Au, and Pb targets. The three models are G4BinaryLightIonReaction, G4QMDReaction, and $\mathrm{INCL}++$. This paper discusses the performance of these models in reproducing the energy spectra and angular distributions of the secondary light charged particles, and the results with different targets are shown.

• Received 16 February 2023
• Revised 26 April 2023
• Accepted 20 June 2023

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.107.064618