Abstract
The presence or absence of loops in the emergent transportation networks, that are characterized by a minimum overall cost, is shown to depend on the convexity of the cost function for the local transportation of material. Our results are directly applicable to a variety of situations across disciplines.
- Received 15 October 1999
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4745
©2000 American Physical Society