A comprehensive survey of 3′ animal miRNA modification events and a possible role for 3′ adenylation in modulating miRNA targeting effectiveness
- A. Maxwell Burroughs1,4,5,
- Yoshinari Ando1,4,5,
- Michiel J.L. de Hoon1,
- Yasuhiro Tomaru1,2,
- Takahiro Nishibu3,
- Ryo Ukekawa3,
- Taku Funakoshi3,
- Tsutomu Kurokawa3,
- Harukazu Suzuki1,
- Yoshihide Hayashizaki1,2 and
- Carsten O. Daub1
- 1 Omics Science Center (OSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan;
- 2 International Graduate School of Arts and Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan;
- 3 Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-8605, Japan
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↵4 These authors contributed equally to this work.
Abstract
Animal microRNA sequences are subject to 3′ nucleotide addition. Through detailed analysis of deep-sequenced short RNA data sets, we show adenylation and uridylation of miRNA is globally present and conserved across Drosophila and vertebrates. To better understand 3′ adenylation function, we deep-sequenced RNA after knockdown of nucleotidyltransferase enzymes. The PAPD4 nucleotidyltransferase adenylates a wide range of miRNA loci, but adenylation does not appear to affect miRNA stability on a genome-wide scale. Adenine addition appears to reduce effectiveness of miRNA targeting of mRNA transcripts while deep-sequencing of RNA bound to immunoprecipitated Argonaute (AGO) subfamily proteins EIF2C1–EIF2C3 revealed substantial reduction of adenine addition in miRNA associated with EIF2C2 and EIF2C3. Our findings show 3′ addition events are widespread and conserved across animals, PAPD4 is a primary miRNA adenylating enzyme, and suggest a role for 3′ adenine addition in modulating miRNA effectiveness, possibly through interfering with incorporation into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a regulatory role that would complement the role of miRNA uridylation in blocking DICER1 uptake.
Footnotes
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↵5 Corresponding authors.
E-mail burrough{at}gsc.riken.jp; fax 81-(0)-45-503-9216.
E-mail yando{at}gsc.riken.jp; fax 81-(0)-45-503-9216.
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[Supplemental material is available online at http://www.genome.org. The sequencing data from this study have been submitted to the DDBJ Sequence Read Archive (DRA) (http://trace.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/dra/index_e.shtml) under accession no. DRA000205.]
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Article published online before print. Article and publication date are at http://www.genome.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/gr.106054.110.
- Received February 3, 2010.
- Accepted July 12, 2010.
- Copyright © 2010 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Freely available online through the Genome Research Open Access option.